أسئلة وتجميعات هامّة في ال a.a لن يخلو منها الامتحان بإذن الله
1[size=16] / NH3 disposal from A.A
Transdeaminationa and deamination >> NH3 >> urea cycle and glutamine
2 / Role of A.A in detoxication
Glycine
Glutamine
Cysteine
3 / Role of A.A >> Hormones
Tyrosine >> catecholamine and thyroid hormones
Tryptophan >> Melatonine
4 / Role of A.A >> bile salts
Glycine تشرح
Cysteine >> taurine
5 / Role of A.A >> neurotransmitters
Arginine >> NO
Glutamine >> GABA
Tyrosine >> Catecholamine
Tryptophan >> serotonine
Histidine >> Histamine
6 / NPN sub. derived from glycine
NH3 by deamination
Urea from NH3
Uric acid from purine ( C4,5 and N7 )
creatine
creatinine
Serine A.A
Hippuric acid ( detoxication )
7/ Role of serine in lipid metabolism هـــام جدا
1 - in phospholipids :
phosphatidyl serine
sphingosine
choline >> phosphatidyl choline
ethanolamine >> phosphayidyl ethanolamine
2 - cysteine >> taurine >> bile >> absorption of libid
3 - lipotropic factor
8 / biolosical amine derived from A.A
tyrosine >> catecholamine
tryptophan >> serotonine
histidine >> histamine
9 / Cysteine to pyruvic by 3 methods
10 / Threonine to Acetyl CoA by 3 methods
11 / Threonine is ketogenic >> acetyl CoA
12 / Threonine is glucogenic by 2 methods
1 >> Glycine
2 >> Alpha - Keto butyric >> propionyl CoA
13 / Role of Cystiene in detoxication , Hormones , Co-enz. formation ( CoASH ) and bile salts
14 / e.g Alpha - keto glutaric is corner stone in the conversion of some A.A to glucose . Discuss
Histidine , Arginine , Proline , glutamine and glutamic acid
15 / Role of A.A in purine , pyrimidine synthesis الرّسمتين
16 / Methionine is glucogenic . Discuss
>> Homocysteine >> alpha keto butaryte >> Propionyl CoA >> Succinyl CoA
17 / Glycine is non essential . Discuss
biosynthesis at least by 3 methods
18 / Synth. function of Glutathine
19 / synt. function of glutamine هـام
20 / synthesis and 2 fates of DOPA
21 / 3 Fate of Glutamic semi-aldehyde
[/size][size=21]
Biological Oxidation[size=16]
( genitic mitochondrial disorders )
1 / fatal infantile mit. myopathy
2 / MELAS
3 / LHON
4/ Myoclonus epilepsy
[/size][/size]
[size=25]Xenobiotics
1 / Toxic effects of xenobitics
[/size][/size][/size]
1 / porphynuria
( congenital hyperbilirubinemia )
2/ Gilbert's disease
3/ Criler-Najjar syndrome
4/ Dubin-Jhonson syndrome
[/size][/size][/size]
[size=25]CHO metabolism
(Glycogenoses)
1/ Von Gierk disease بالتّفصيل
2/ Pompe's disease
3/ Forbe's disease
4/ Androsen's disease
5/ McAdrele's disease
6/ Hers's disease
7/ Tou's disease
( diseases associated with impaired glycolysis)
8/ Hexokinase deficiency
9/ Pyruvate kinase deficiency
10/ lactic acidosis
11/ Favism
( Inborn errors of fructose metabolism )
12/ essential fructosuria
13/ Heriditary fructose intolerance
( Inborn error of galactose metabolism )
14/ Galactosaemia
( bl. glucose )
15/ hyperglycaemia
16/ hypoglycaemia >> Fasting and reactive
17/ glucosuria >> normoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic
18/ D.M >> metabolic changes , glycated HB , DKA , HHNK and chronic complication
[/size][/size][/size]
[size=25]Lipid metabolism
1/ LCAT enz. deficiency
(lipoprotein plasma level disturbance)
2/ Hypolipoproteinaemia >> Abetalipoproteinaemia , Hypobetalipoproteinaemia
and Alpha lipoprotein deficiency
3/ Hyperlipoproteinaemia >> hyperchylomicronaemia , hyperbetalipoproteinaemia
Dysbetalipoproteinaemia , Hyperprebetalipoproteinaemia hyperchylomicronaemia and hyperprebetalipoproteinaemia ,
and hyperalphalipoproteinaemia
4/ Refsum's disease
5/ Ketosis
6/ Fatty liver
7/ prostacyclin and atherosclerosis
[/size][/size][/size]
(disease associated with impaired urea cycle )
1/ Ammonia intoxication
[/size][/size][/size]
( inborn errors of glycine metabolism )
1/ primary hyperoxaluria
2/ Glycinurea
3/ pheochromocytoma
( inborn errors of ph. alanine and tyrosine metabolism )
4/ phenyl ketonuria
5/ tyrosinaemia II
6/ neonatal tyrosinemia
7/ Alkaptonuria
8/ Tyrosinaemia I
9/ Albinism
10/ Argentifinoma
11/ Hartnup disease
(inborn errors of cysteine metabolism)
12/ Cystinosis
13/ Cystinuria
( inborn error of methionine metabolism )
14/ Homocystinuria
( inborn errors of branched chain a.a. metabolism )
15/ Hypervalinaemia
16/ Maple syrp urine disease
17/ Intermittent branched chain ketonuria
18/ Isovaleric acidaemia
[/size][/size][/size]
[size=25]Mineral metabolism
1/ alternation in level of Na , K Ca , PO4 , Fe , Cu
2/ Menke's sydrome and Wilson's disease
[/size][/size][/size]
[size=25]Nucletide metabolism هــام جدا
(metabolic disorders of purine metabolism )
1/ hyperuricaemia ( Gout )
2/ hypouricaemia
( metabolic disorders of pyrimidine metabolism )
3/ orotic acidimia
[/size]
[/size][/size]
هذه هي ال ketogenic a.a
A ketogenic amino acid is an amino acid that can be converted into ketone bodies through ketogenesis. This is in contrast to the glucogenic amino acids, which are converted into glucose.
In humans, the ketogenic amino acids are leucine and lysine, whereas threonine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine can be either ketogenic or glucogenic.
وهذا هو ال metabolism of Threonine
Threonine is metabolized in two ways:
1[size=16] / NH3 disposal from A.A
Transdeaminationa and deamination >> NH3 >> urea cycle and glutamine
2 / Role of A.A in detoxication
Glycine
Glutamine
Cysteine
3 / Role of A.A >> Hormones
Tyrosine >> catecholamine and thyroid hormones
Tryptophan >> Melatonine
4 / Role of A.A >> bile salts
Glycine تشرح
Cysteine >> taurine
5 / Role of A.A >> neurotransmitters
Arginine >> NO
Glutamine >> GABA
Tyrosine >> Catecholamine
Tryptophan >> serotonine
Histidine >> Histamine
6 / NPN sub. derived from glycine
NH3 by deamination
Urea from NH3
Uric acid from purine ( C4,5 and N7 )
creatine
creatinine
Serine A.A
Hippuric acid ( detoxication )
7/ Role of serine in lipid metabolism هـــام جدا
1 - in phospholipids :
phosphatidyl serine
sphingosine
choline >> phosphatidyl choline
ethanolamine >> phosphayidyl ethanolamine
2 - cysteine >> taurine >> bile >> absorption of libid
3 - lipotropic factor
8 / biolosical amine derived from A.A
tyrosine >> catecholamine
tryptophan >> serotonine
histidine >> histamine
9 / Cysteine to pyruvic by 3 methods
10 / Threonine to Acetyl CoA by 3 methods
11 / Threonine is ketogenic >> acetyl CoA
12 / Threonine is glucogenic by 2 methods
1 >> Glycine
2 >> Alpha - Keto butyric >> propionyl CoA
13 / Role of Cystiene in detoxication , Hormones , Co-enz. formation ( CoASH ) and bile salts
14 / e.g Alpha - keto glutaric is corner stone in the conversion of some A.A to glucose . Discuss
Histidine , Arginine , Proline , glutamine and glutamic acid
15 / Role of A.A in purine , pyrimidine synthesis الرّسمتين
16 / Methionine is glucogenic . Discuss
>> Homocysteine >> alpha keto butaryte >> Propionyl CoA >> Succinyl CoA
17 / Glycine is non essential . Discuss
biosynthesis at least by 3 methods
18 / Synth. function of Glutathine
19 / synt. function of glutamine هـام
20 / synthesis and 2 fates of DOPA
21 / 3 Fate of Glutamic semi-aldehyde
[/size][size=21]
Biological Oxidation[size=16]
( genitic mitochondrial disorders )
1 / fatal infantile mit. myopathy
2 / MELAS
3 / LHON
4/ Myoclonus epilepsy
[/size][/size]
[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة]
[size=21][size=16][size=25]Xenobiotics
1 / Toxic effects of xenobitics
[/size][/size][/size]
[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة]
[size=21][size=16][size=25]Porphyrins1 / porphynuria
( congenital hyperbilirubinemia )
2/ Gilbert's disease
3/ Criler-Najjar syndrome
4/ Dubin-Jhonson syndrome
[/size][/size][/size]
[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة]
[size=21][size=16][size=25]CHO metabolism
(Glycogenoses)
1/ Von Gierk disease بالتّفصيل
2/ Pompe's disease
3/ Forbe's disease
4/ Androsen's disease
5/ McAdrele's disease
6/ Hers's disease
7/ Tou's disease
( diseases associated with impaired glycolysis)
8/ Hexokinase deficiency
9/ Pyruvate kinase deficiency
10/ lactic acidosis
11/ Favism
( Inborn errors of fructose metabolism )
12/ essential fructosuria
13/ Heriditary fructose intolerance
( Inborn error of galactose metabolism )
14/ Galactosaemia
( bl. glucose )
15/ hyperglycaemia
16/ hypoglycaemia >> Fasting and reactive
17/ glucosuria >> normoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic
18/ D.M >> metabolic changes , glycated HB , DKA , HHNK and chronic complication
[/size][/size][/size]
[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة]
[size=21][size=16][size=25]Lipid metabolism
1/ LCAT enz. deficiency
(lipoprotein plasma level disturbance)
2/ Hypolipoproteinaemia >> Abetalipoproteinaemia , Hypobetalipoproteinaemia
and Alpha lipoprotein deficiency
3/ Hyperlipoproteinaemia >> hyperchylomicronaemia , hyperbetalipoproteinaemia
Dysbetalipoproteinaemia , Hyperprebetalipoproteinaemia hyperchylomicronaemia and hyperprebetalipoproteinaemia ,
and hyperalphalipoproteinaemia
4/ Refsum's disease
5/ Ketosis
6/ Fatty liver
7/ prostacyclin and atherosclerosis
[/size][/size][/size]
[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة]
[size=21][size=16][size=25]General protein metabolism(disease associated with impaired urea cycle )
1/ Ammonia intoxication
[/size][/size][/size]
[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة]
[size=21][size=16][size=25]A.A metabolism( inborn errors of glycine metabolism )
1/ primary hyperoxaluria
2/ Glycinurea
3/ pheochromocytoma
( inborn errors of ph. alanine and tyrosine metabolism )
4/ phenyl ketonuria
5/ tyrosinaemia II
6/ neonatal tyrosinemia
7/ Alkaptonuria
8/ Tyrosinaemia I
9/ Albinism
10/ Argentifinoma
11/ Hartnup disease
(inborn errors of cysteine metabolism)
12/ Cystinosis
13/ Cystinuria
( inborn error of methionine metabolism )
14/ Homocystinuria
( inborn errors of branched chain a.a. metabolism )
15/ Hypervalinaemia
16/ Maple syrp urine disease
17/ Intermittent branched chain ketonuria
18/ Isovaleric acidaemia
[/size][/size][/size]
[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة]
[size=21][size=16][size=25]Mineral metabolism
1/ alternation in level of Na , K Ca , PO4 , Fe , Cu
2/ Menke's sydrome and Wilson's disease
[/size][/size][/size]
[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة]
[size=21][size=16][size=25]Nucletide metabolism هــام جدا
(metabolic disorders of purine metabolism )
1/ hyperuricaemia ( Gout )
2/ hypouricaemia
( metabolic disorders of pyrimidine metabolism )
3/ orotic acidimia
[/size]
[/size][/size]
هذه هي ال ketogenic a.a
A ketogenic amino acid is an amino acid that can be converted into ketone bodies through ketogenesis. This is in contrast to the glucogenic amino acids, which are converted into glucose.
In humans, the ketogenic amino acids are leucine and lysine, whereas threonine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine can be either ketogenic or glucogenic.
وهذا هو ال metabolism of Threonine
Threonine is metabolized in two ways:
- It is converted to pyruvate via threonine dehydrogenase. An intermediate in this pathway can undergo thiolysis with CoA to produce acetyl-CoA and glycine.
- In humans, it is converted to alpha-ketobutyrate in a less common pathway via the enzyme serine dehydratase, and thereby enters the pathway leading to succinyl-CoA.
