Molluscum contagiosum:next term the importance of early 1-diagnosis and treatment
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Stephen K. Tyring MD, PhDCorresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author
From the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
Received 30 January 2003;
accepted 31 March 2003. ;
Available online 7 October 2003.
Abstract
previous termMolluscum contagiosumnext term is a viral infection that is becoming an increasing problem in sexually active individuals and in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Although previous termmolluscum contagiosumnext term lesions are generally self-limiting, it may take 6 months to 5 years for lesions to disappear. Furthermore, patients with weakened immune systems have increased difficulty in clearing lesions; therefore lesions typically persist for prolonged periods. Although there has been continued debate about whether previous termmolluscum contagiosumnext term lesions should be treated or allowed to resolve spontaneously, many clinicians recommend treatment of genital previous termmolluscum contagiosumnext term lesions to reduce the risk of previous termsexualnext term transmission, prevent autoinoculation, and increase patient quality of life. Treatment options for previous termmolluscum contagiosumnext term include physician-administered and patient-administered therapies. Novel patient-administered treatment options allow administration in the privacy of a patient's home, providing added convenience and reducing patient embarrassment or stress. With the novel treatment opportunities currently available or in development, physicians are able to improve patient quality of life while providing patients with a convenient, well-tolerated, easily administered treatment regimen. This review summarizes the clinical diagnosis of previous termmolluscum contagiosumnext term and provides a critical assessment of several current and emerging treatment options.
Author Keywords: Imiquimod; immune response modifier; previous termmolluscum contagiosumnext term; poxvirus; sexually previous termtransmitted diseasenext term
2-Original article
Direct detection of Molluscum contagiosumnext term virus in clinical specimens by in situ hybridization using biotinylated probe
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Bagher ForghaniCorresponding Author Contact Information, 1, Corresponding Author Contact Information, Lyndon S. Oshiro1, Cynthia S. Chan1, Jerry W. Hurst1, Juanita Dennis1, Gholamreza Darai2, Ann L. Warford3 and Richard M. Cohen4
1 Viral and Rickettsial previous termDiseasenext term Laboratory, Division of Laboratories, California State Department of Health Services, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
2 Institut für Medizinische Virologie der Universität, Heidelberg, Germany
3 Regional Virology Laboratory, Kaiser-Permanente 10407 Magnolia Boulevard, N. Hollywood, California, U.S.A.
4 Fong Diagnostic Laboratory, 7237 East Southgate Drive, Sacramento, California, U.S.A.
Received 3 May 1991;
accepted 23 July 1991.
Available online 07 December 2004.
Abstract
previous termMolluscum contagiosumnext term virus (MCV) is an unclassified poxvirus which has recently become recognized as causing a major sexually previous termtransmitted disease.next term At present no assay is available for specific detection of MCV because the virus cannot be serially propagated in cell culture. Since MCV produces an abortive, limited growth with some cytopathic effect in certain cell lines, we were able to develop an in situ hybridization assay for detection of MCV genome in clinical specimens. Human fetal diploid lung cell monolayers were infected with clinical specimens, and after proper incubation and fixation in paraformaldehyde, hybridization was performed under full stringency conditions with a molecularly cloned biotinylated probe. Only MCV infected cells showed homology to the MCV probe with a purple-brown cytoplasmic staining. Additionally, we have described an in situ hybridization assay for direct detection of MCV genome in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsies. Characteristic intracytoplasmic previous termMolluscumnext term bodies (Henderson-Paterson bodies) were detected in stratum spinosum cells of the epidermis. Striking staining similarities have been observed between in situ hybridization and haematoxylin-eosin cytostaining. These procedures are the first successful identification of MCV genome in clinical samples by molecular hybridization, with sensitivity and specificity equal to or greater than electron microscopy.
Author Keywords: previous termMolluscum contagiosumnext term virus; in situ hybridization; biotinylated DNA probe
Article Outline
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Now I Know My STDs Part I: Viral STDs: Human Papilloma Virus, Genital Herpes, and Molluscum Contagiosumnext term
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Laura J. Grimshaw-Mulcahy RN, CFNP, MSN1, E-mail The Corresponding Author
Available online 11 October 2007.
Abstract
Many sexually previous termtransmitted diseasesnext term (STDs) are asymptomatic or unrecognized. This emphasizes the importance of a confidential detailed previous termsexualnext term history to identify persons at risk. Examination and screening are essential components to aid in effective diagnosis and treatment. Evaluating and treating previous termsexualnext term partners and vaccinating persons at risk of preventable STDs all assist in control and prevention of infections and subsequent complications. Collaboration within the public and private sectors of the nursing and medical community is essential to the development of a multifaceted approach to these continued and sometimes deadly infections. Selected viral STDs are reviewed in the first of this two-part series; bacterial and protozoal infections are reviewed later.
Keywords: Diagnosis; herpes previous termmolluscumnext term; screening; sexually previous termtransmitted diseasenext term; treatment
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4-Detection of Molluscum contagiosumnext term Virus (MCV) Subtype I as a Single Dominant Virus Subtype in previous termMolluscumnext term Lesions from a Turkish Population
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Yunus Sarala, Ahmet Kalkanb, Corresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author, Aykut Ozdarendelic, Yasemin Bulutc and Mehmet Z. Doymazc
aDepartment of Dermatology
bDepartment of Infectious previous termDiseasesnext term
cDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
Received 7 October 2004;
accepted 26 May 2005.
(ARCMED-D-04-00106).
Available online 28 February 2006.
Background
previous termMolluscum contagiosumnext term has a worldwide occurrence and its primary mode of transmission is via direct human contact including previous termsexualnext term means. The aim of the study was to implement a polymerase chain reaction-based assay for detection and subtyping of previous termMolluscum contagiosumnext term virus (MCV) in skin lesions diagnosed with previous termmolluscum contagiosumnext term in a large regional teaching hospital in Turkey.
Methods
For this purpose, a total of 61 patients were included in the study. Randomly selected single lesion from each patient was used to extract DNA material and a specific PCR reaction amplifying 393-bp- and 575-bp-long regions from MCV genome was used in the detection. Subtyping was carried out by digestion of the amplified 575-bp product with restriction endonuclease enzyme BamHI. Both amplified and restriction enzyme digested products visualized on agarose gel electrophoresis.
Results
All 61 previous termmolluscumnext term cases (100%) included in the study contained MCV genetic material as demonstrated by the presence of 393- and 575-bp-long PCR amplified products. Restriction enzyme BamHI digestion of the 575-bp-long amplicon indicated that the infecting subtype in all the cases (100%) was MCV subtype I.
Conclusions
Results of this study demonstrate that subtype I is the only infecting strain dominant in our region. Because the only consecutive previous termmolluscumnext term patients admitted to our hospital were included in the study, our data do not rule out the possibility that other genotypes might be present in the Turkish population. However, it is not unreasonable to conclude that similar trends exist in the rest of the country. Results also show that a molecular-based diagnostic assay would be feasible in cases where diagnosis was deemed necessary.
Key Words: previous termMolluscum contagiosumnext term virus; Subtype; Turkish population; PCR
5-Intraoral molluscum contagiosumnext term
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S. Bryan Whitaker DDSCorresponding Author Contact Information, a, a, Stewart E. Wiegand MDb, a and Steven D. Budnick DDSc, a
aEmory University Atlanta, Ga. ,USA
Available online 11 September 2006.
Abstract
previous termMolluscum contagiosumnext term (MC) presenting as a self-limiting previous termdiseasenext term of the skin is not uncommon. To date, however, documented cases of MC of the oral cavity have been rare. A case of MC of the palate of a 52-year-old man is reported. The clinical and histopathologic features of this uncommon oral lesion are discussed, and the literature is reviewed.
Corresponding Author Contact InformationReprint requests: S. Bryan Whitaker, DDS 1462 Clifton Rd. NE Atlanta, GA 30322
a Resident, Department of Oral Pathology, School of Postgraduate Dentistry.
b Clinical Associate Professor of Dermatology, School of Medicine.
c Associate Professor and Chairman, Department of Oral Pathology, School of Postgraduate Dentistry.
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Molluscum Contagiosum Virus
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J.J. Bugerta
aWales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
Available online 14 July 2008.
Abstract
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is the causative agent of benign wart-like skin tumors limited to the human epidermis. This skin condition is known as molluscum contagiosum (MC) and is histologically classified as an acanthoma. MC has a worldwide distribution, is most common in preadolescent children, and occurs frequently in overcrowded populations with reduced hygenic standards. With a mean incidence of 0.1–5% MC is, after the eradication of smallpox, the only clinically relevant poxvirus infection of humans. MCV is a member of the family Poxviridae and the type species of the genus Molluscipoxvirus. It has a double-stranded DNA genome of 190 289 bp (GenBank accession U60315: MCV type 1/80) encoding 182 nonoverlapping open reading frames. About 20% of the gene complement shares homologies to other poxvirus proteins. Among the few unique MCV genes with known functions are an apoptosis inhibitor (vFLIP), an IL18-binding protein, a soluble IL8 antagonist, and an Hrs-binding protein. MCV can be readily diagnosed clinically but may be confused with early-stage orthopoxvirus and herpesvirus lesions or other hyperproliferative skin conditions. Other viral agents can be excluded by electron microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Treatment consists of topical application of salicylic acid or removal by curettage.
Author Keywords: Benign skin tumor; Crocodilepox virus; Eczema molluscumnext term; Epidermal hyperproliferation; Immune evasion; Keratinocyte dedifferentiation; previous termMolluscum contagiosumnext term virus; Monophylitic poxvirus (possible); Parapoxviruses; Persistent infection
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PCR assay fails to detect molluscum contagiosumnext term virus-related sequences in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma
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Thierry Simonarta, *, Jean-Christophe Noëlb, Jean-Paul Van Voorenc, Philippe Hermanse, Corine Liesnardd, Isabelle Faytb, Philippe Gilotd, Edmond Godfroidf and Dominique Parenta
a Department of Dermatology, Erasme University Hospital, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
b Department of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
c Department of Internal Medicine, Erasme University Hospital, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
d Department of Virology, Erasme University Hospital, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
e Department of Infectious previous termDiseases,next term St. Pierre University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
f Department of Applied Genetics, Free University of Brussels, Nivelles, Belgium
Received 29 October 1998;
accepted 24 February 1998.
Available online 2 July 1998.
Abstract
Previous PCR-based studies have demonstrated the presence of various viral DNA or RNA sequences in Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) tissues. To date, only human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-
DNA sequences are found consistently in KS. The putative role of this agent in KS pathogenesis remains, however, to be determined; HHV-8 could infect populations endemically and could be reactivated in patients with KS. A close association between AIDS-related KS and previous termmolluscum contagiosumnext term occurrence was found and this study was conducted primarily to search for the presence of previous termmolluscum contagiosumnext term virus DNA sequences in KS. Frozen KS samples were examined for the presence of both HHV-8 and previous termmolluscum contagiosumnext term virus DNA sequences by PCR. Despite a high rate of co-infection, no previous termmolluscum contagiosumnext term virus (MCV) DNA sequence could be found in the KS samples whereas HHV-8 was uniformly detected. These results suggest that the high prevalence of MCV in AIDS patients with KS relies on a mode of transmission common for HHV-8 and previous termmolluscum contagiosumnext term virus rather than on a multiviral etiology of KS. They may also indicate a particular susceptibility of the host to viral reactivation. If this is so, the failure to detect MCV DNA sequences in KS tissues by PCR indicates that locally produced or released cyotokines are not involved in the latter process.Author Keywords: AIDS; Herpesvirus; Cross-hybridization
Index Terms: acquired immune deficiency syndrome; kaposi sarcoma; molluscipoxvirus; virus dna
Article Outline
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MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUMnext term
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Michael A. Waugh MB, FRCP, FRCPI*
Available online 15 August 2005.
Although sometimes dismissed as a banal infection, previous termmolluscum contagiosumnext term (MC) should alert the clinician to either other sexually previous termtransmitted diseasesnext term (STDs) or the possibility of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection with immunosuppression.9 It presents therapeutic challenges.
Article Outline
HISTORY
AIDS
VIROLOGY
A Clinical Approach
Differential Diagnosis
HISTOLOGY
TREATMENT
RECALCITRANT LESIONS
GIANT MOLLUSCUM IN PATIENTS WITH AIDS
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Warts and molluscum contagiosumnext term
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Lynn R. Williams MD, MPHCorresponding Author Contact Information, a and Guy Webster MD, PHDa
aFrom the Department of Dermatology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Available online 16 March 2004.
Abstract
Skin involvement in the autoimmune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) encompasses a myriad of neoplastic, infectious, and inflammatory disorders. As the body's natural immune mechanism deteriorates, susceptibility to bacterial, fungal, viral, and parasitic agents increases along with noninfecrious inflammatory previous termdiseases.next term This has led to a dramatic increase in reports throughout the medical community of unusual and atypical pathology associated with this syndrome. In this article, the basic histopathologic changes accompanying AIDS disorders will be examined.
Cutaneous disorders can be categorized according to cause or the effect of a causative agent. This article organizes and discusses AIDS-related disorders based on the effect of the infectious, neoplastic or inflammatory condition on epithelia and/or mesenchyme. Broad categories will include neoplastic disorders, inflammatory disorders, or proliferative states induced by infectious agents (Table 1). By organizing our discussion in this manner, an orderly progression from scanning power microscopic impression to high power diagnosis can be delineated. A brief discussion of clinical presentation shall be included to aid in clinicopathologic correlation.
Corresponding Author Contact InformationAddress correspondence to Lynn Ryan Williams, MD, MPH, Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Dermatology, 111 South 11th Street, Suite 4019, Philadelphia, PA 19107.
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Sexually Transmittednext term Infections in Men
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John R. Brill MD, MPHa, E-mail The Corresponding Author
a Department of Family Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Milwaukee Academic Campus, 2801 West Kinnickinnic Parkway #250, Milwaukee, WI 53215, USA
Available online 10 August 2010.
Sexually previous termtransmittednext term infections (STIs) cause tremendous morbidity, great costs, and numerous avoidable deaths in the United States each year. STIs in men can present as discharge, ulcers, papules, infestations, or systemic previous termdisease,next term but most commonly STIs present without any symptoms. Molecular techniques, single-dose antibiotics and antivirals, and patient-administered therapies present opportunities for enhanced diagnosis and treatment. Screening for STIs should be part of all primary care practices, specifically targeting high-risk persons and those diagnosed with another STI.
Keywords: Sexually previous termtransmittednext term infection; Gonorrhea; Chlamydia; Urethritis; Herpes
Article Outline
