1-
Abstract
Anti-herpes simplex
virus (HSV) activities of oxyresveratrol in vitro and topical
administration in cutaneous HSV-1 infection in mice were examined. The
inhibitory concentrations for 50% plaque formation (IC50) of
oxyresveratrol against HSV-1 clinical isolates and HSV-2 clinical
isolates were 20.9–29.5 and 22.2–27.5 μg/ml, respectively. In topical
administration in cutaneous HSV-1 infection in mice, 2.5%, 5%, 10% and
20% oxyresveratrol in cream vehicle applied three times daily for 7 days
after infection were evaluated and 10% and 20% oxyresveratrol cream
were significantly effective in delaying the development of skin lesions
and protection from death (P < 0.01). The concentration of
10% oxyresveratrol in cream was significantly more effective than that
of 30% oxyresveratrol in vaseline applied three times daily (P < 0.01). Oxyresveratrol cream at 20% was as effective as 5% ACV cream applied three times daily (P < 0.01). Both 10% and 20% oxyresveratrol cream were as effective as that of 5% ACV cream applied two times daily (P > 0.05).
Therapeutic efficacy of oxyresveratrol in cream vehicle was
dose-dependent and the maximum efficacy observed on day 6 after
infection was shown at 10% oxyresveratrol in cream applied three times
daily. The frequency of application of 10% oxyresveratrol cream at
three, four and five times daily was as effective as that of 5% ACV
cream applied five times daily (P > 0.05). These results
demonstrated that topical administration of oxyresveratrol in novel
cream vehicle reduced the concentration of oxyresveratrol to 10% and was
suitable for cutaneous HSV infection.Keywords:
ABSTRACT:
The prevalence of infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) continues
to increase largely due to the inability of current antiviral agents to
eradicate latent infection. This article reviews strategies to slow the
transmission of HSV infection, most importantly through the development
of vaccines, as well as established and emerging choices for treatment
of primary and recurrent genital herpes, herpes labialis, infections in
immunocompromised hosts, and acyclovir-resistant infections. The role of
chronic suppressive therapy in the management of genital herpes as well
as its potential impact on transmission rates will also be discussed.
Herpes
simplex virus (HSV) is a widespread pathogen in the United States, with
more than 100 million U.S. citizens having serologic evidence of HSV-1
infection and 40–60 million, nearly one-fifth of the adolescent and
adult population, infected with HSV-2 (1,2). The prevalence of HSV-2, the major cause of genital herpes, has increased 30% since the late 1970s (2).
The fact that most of those infected with HSV are asymptomatic and yet
may still be subclinically shedding virus further complicates efforts to
slow the spread of transmission (3).
Therefore proper management of herpetic infections requires that the
clinician be able to effectively diagnose those with HSV infection, to
educate them regarding means of spread and symptoms indicative of
infection, and to adequately treat infections which are identified in
order to alleviate patient symptoms and slow the transmission of the
virus. We review options for preventing infection, treating primary
infections, and treating recurrent infections in order to accomplish
these goals.
3-he
purpose of this descriptive study was to examine gender differences in
the disease experience of persons who have genital herpes. Participants
were 60 volunteers (34 females, 26 males) with recurrent genital herpes.
Their average age was 31.7 years and the average length of time since
diagnosis was 5.3 years. They completed questionnaires that included
items about disease characteristics, disease stressors, and disease
impact. The majority of reported stressors related to the consequences
of the disease. A wide diversity of stressors were described, and
results gave evidence of gender similarities in the disease experience.
Exceptions were that women reported experiencing more worry with regard
to negative effects on future and present health, disruption of daily
activity, and disease symptoms. Men reported that recurrences last
longer. Both disease symptoms and the presence of an intimate
relationship were related to the perceived disease impact. Implications
for sensitive interventions are discussed.
4-ronic,
stigmatizing, sexually transmitted disease (STD), which is increasing
despite efforts to control its spread. Depression is commonly reported
among people diagnosed with genital herpes and differences in depression
by gender have been reported. Therefore, the purpose of this study was
to identify gender differences in the predictors of depression in young
adults with genital herpes by secondary analyses of baseline data from a
randomized clinical trial (RCT). For the RCT, young adults (193
females, 59 males) with genital herpes were recruited from newspaper
advertisements. Participants completed questionnaires measuring illness
burden, attitudes toward herpes, stress symptoms, mood states,
depression, self-concealment, self-disclosure, substance use, and
demographics. Univariate analyses and multiple regression techniques
were used to identify variables predictive of depression in this sample.
In women, increased anger, decreased vigor, increased confusion, a
negative attitude toward herpes, self-concealment, and stress symptoms
from genital herpes predicted more depression (R2=
0.63). In men, increased depression was predicted by increased anger, a
negative attitude toward herpes, and a decreased willingness to share
personal information with a stranger (R2= 0.51).
Findings suggest that future psychoeducational interventions should
address anger as a predictor of depression in this population.
Gender-specific interventions need to be developed in order to assist
young adults who are living with genital herpes.
6-
Objective. To study the possible links
between recurrent symptomatic genital herpes during pregnancy and risk
for congenital abnormalities (CAs). Method. The occurrence of
prospectively and medically-recorded recurrent genital herpes during
pregnancy in the mothers of cases with different congenital
abnormalities and in the mothers of matched controls without CAs was
compared in the population-based large data set of the Hungarian
Case-Control Surveillance System of Congenital Abnormalities. Results.
Of 22,843 cases with CAs, 59 (0.26%) were born to mothers with
recurrent symptomatic genital herpes, while of 38,151 control newborns
without CAs, 86 (0.23%) were born to mothers with recurrent genital
herpes during the study pregnancy (adjusted OR: 1.1, 95% CI: 0.8–1.6).
Pregnant women with clinically recognised recurrent genital herpes in
the first trimester of pregnancy are not linked with a higher risk for
any CAs. Conclusion. Recurrent genital herpes during pregnancy does not associate with a higher risk of CAs.7-Clinical
features of genital herpes, perceived causes, stress symptoms,
treatments, and psychosocial factors in 70 young adults as compared to
normative data for non-patient controls are described. The clinical
features of the disease were congruent with those of other groups
studied. Stress was viewed as the major cause of recurrence, headaches
the major stress symptom, and acyclovir (an antiviral drug), was the
major treatment. Statistically significant differences were found
between scores obtained from the sample of young adults with genital
herpes on three of four standardized psychological instruments when
compared with normative data for non patient controls. Young adults with
genital herpes had a lower self concept, more psychopathology, a
greater frequency of daily hassles, and less intensity of uplifts. No
differences were found, however, between the two groups in scores on
depression.
he
purpose of this paper is to describe gender differences in risk
behaviors—substance use and sexual behavior—in young adults with genital
herpes. Two-hundred fifty-two young adults with genital herpes were
recruited into the study via newspaper advertisements in a West Coast
metropolitan area. As a part of a large randomized clinical trial,
participants completed questionnaires measuring demographic
characteristics and the risk behaviors of substance use and sexual
behavior. Participants had a mean age of 27.1 years and were largely
Caucasian, employed, college-educated, and heterosexual. Women were two
years younger than men and had less income. Gender differences were
found in both substance use and sexual behavior. Men were more likely to
report current use of illicit drugs than were women. Men were also more
likely to report a history of gonorrhea, and urethral discharge. Women
reported initiating sex at an older age and having fewer sexual partners
over their lifetimes than men. There were no gender differences in use
of condoms or spermicides specifically to prevent transmission of
genital herpes. Further study is needed of these young adults as they
are at high risk for transmission of the disease and also for
contracting other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Sensitive interventions are
needed with this high-risk population.
8-
A descriptive survey of knowledge of genital herpes
and attitudes to testing was conducted among antenatal clinic attendees
at the Gold Coast Hospital, Australia. The study subjects showed a good
knowledge of genital herpes, to a level that appears sufficient for an
informed choice regarding herpes serology testing to be made. A
preference for testing for genital herpes was suggested. Although
serological testing is not routinely required, the results of the study
indicate that discussion of genital herpes should be considered in the
antenatal clinic setting.Human
papillomavirus and Herpes simplex virus are the most common genital
viral infections encountered in clinical practice worldwide. We reviewed
the literature focusing on new and experimental treatment modalities
for both conditions, based on to the evidence-based data available. The
modalities evaluated include topical agents such as immune response
modifiers (imiquimod, resiquimod, and interferon), antivirals
(penciclovir, cidofovir, and foscarnet), sinecatechins, microbiocidals
(SPL7013 gel, and PRO 2000 gel), along with experimental
(oligodeoxynucleotides), immunoprophylactic, and immunotherapeutic
vaccines.
Abstract
Anti-herpes simplex
virus (HSV) activities of oxyresveratrol in vitro and topical
administration in cutaneous HSV-1 infection in mice were examined. The
inhibitory concentrations for 50% plaque formation (IC50) of
oxyresveratrol against HSV-1 clinical isolates and HSV-2 clinical
isolates were 20.9–29.5 and 22.2–27.5 μg/ml, respectively. In topical
administration in cutaneous HSV-1 infection in mice, 2.5%, 5%, 10% and
20% oxyresveratrol in cream vehicle applied three times daily for 7 days
after infection were evaluated and 10% and 20% oxyresveratrol cream
were significantly effective in delaying the development of skin lesions
and protection from death (P < 0.01). The concentration of
10% oxyresveratrol in cream was significantly more effective than that
of 30% oxyresveratrol in vaseline applied three times daily (P < 0.01). Oxyresveratrol cream at 20% was as effective as 5% ACV cream applied three times daily (P < 0.01). Both 10% and 20% oxyresveratrol cream were as effective as that of 5% ACV cream applied two times daily (P > 0.05).
Therapeutic efficacy of oxyresveratrol in cream vehicle was
dose-dependent and the maximum efficacy observed on day 6 after
infection was shown at 10% oxyresveratrol in cream applied three times
daily. The frequency of application of 10% oxyresveratrol cream at
three, four and five times daily was as effective as that of 5% ACV
cream applied five times daily (P > 0.05). These results
demonstrated that topical administration of oxyresveratrol in novel
cream vehicle reduced the concentration of oxyresveratrol to 10% and was
suitable for cutaneous HSV infection.Keywords:
- acyclovir, famciclovir, herpes simplex viruses, penciclovir, valacyclovir
ABSTRACT:
The prevalence of infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) continues
to increase largely due to the inability of current antiviral agents to
eradicate latent infection. This article reviews strategies to slow the
transmission of HSV infection, most importantly through the development
of vaccines, as well as established and emerging choices for treatment
of primary and recurrent genital herpes, herpes labialis, infections in
immunocompromised hosts, and acyclovir-resistant infections. The role of
chronic suppressive therapy in the management of genital herpes as well
as its potential impact on transmission rates will also be discussed.
Herpes
simplex virus (HSV) is a widespread pathogen in the United States, with
more than 100 million U.S. citizens having serologic evidence of HSV-1
infection and 40–60 million, nearly one-fifth of the adolescent and
adult population, infected with HSV-2 (1,2). The prevalence of HSV-2, the major cause of genital herpes, has increased 30% since the late 1970s (2).
The fact that most of those infected with HSV are asymptomatic and yet
may still be subclinically shedding virus further complicates efforts to
slow the spread of transmission (3).
Therefore proper management of herpetic infections requires that the
clinician be able to effectively diagnose those with HSV infection, to
educate them regarding means of spread and symptoms indicative of
infection, and to adequately treat infections which are identified in
order to alleviate patient symptoms and slow the transmission of the
virus. We review options for preventing infection, treating primary
infections, and treating recurrent infections in order to accomplish
these goals.
3-he
purpose of this descriptive study was to examine gender differences in
the disease experience of persons who have genital herpes. Participants
were 60 volunteers (34 females, 26 males) with recurrent genital herpes.
Their average age was 31.7 years and the average length of time since
diagnosis was 5.3 years. They completed questionnaires that included
items about disease characteristics, disease stressors, and disease
impact. The majority of reported stressors related to the consequences
of the disease. A wide diversity of stressors were described, and
results gave evidence of gender similarities in the disease experience.
Exceptions were that women reported experiencing more worry with regard
to negative effects on future and present health, disruption of daily
activity, and disease symptoms. Men reported that recurrences last
longer. Both disease symptoms and the presence of an intimate
relationship were related to the perceived disease impact. Implications
for sensitive interventions are discussed.
4-ronic,
stigmatizing, sexually transmitted disease (STD), which is increasing
despite efforts to control its spread. Depression is commonly reported
among people diagnosed with genital herpes and differences in depression
by gender have been reported. Therefore, the purpose of this study was
to identify gender differences in the predictors of depression in young
adults with genital herpes by secondary analyses of baseline data from a
randomized clinical trial (RCT). For the RCT, young adults (193
females, 59 males) with genital herpes were recruited from newspaper
advertisements. Participants completed questionnaires measuring illness
burden, attitudes toward herpes, stress symptoms, mood states,
depression, self-concealment, self-disclosure, substance use, and
demographics. Univariate analyses and multiple regression techniques
were used to identify variables predictive of depression in this sample.
In women, increased anger, decreased vigor, increased confusion, a
negative attitude toward herpes, self-concealment, and stress symptoms
from genital herpes predicted more depression (R2=
0.63). In men, increased depression was predicted by increased anger, a
negative attitude toward herpes, and a decreased willingness to share
personal information with a stranger (R2= 0.51).
Findings suggest that future psychoeducational interventions should
address anger as a predictor of depression in this population.
Gender-specific interventions need to be developed in order to assist
young adults who are living with genital herpes.
6-
Objective. To study the possible links
between recurrent symptomatic genital herpes during pregnancy and risk
for congenital abnormalities (CAs). Method. The occurrence of
prospectively and medically-recorded recurrent genital herpes during
pregnancy in the mothers of cases with different congenital
abnormalities and in the mothers of matched controls without CAs was
compared in the population-based large data set of the Hungarian
Case-Control Surveillance System of Congenital Abnormalities. Results.
Of 22,843 cases with CAs, 59 (0.26%) were born to mothers with
recurrent symptomatic genital herpes, while of 38,151 control newborns
without CAs, 86 (0.23%) were born to mothers with recurrent genital
herpes during the study pregnancy (adjusted OR: 1.1, 95% CI: 0.8–1.6).
Pregnant women with clinically recognised recurrent genital herpes in
the first trimester of pregnancy are not linked with a higher risk for
any CAs. Conclusion. Recurrent genital herpes during pregnancy does not associate with a higher risk of CAs.7-Clinical
features of genital herpes, perceived causes, stress symptoms,
treatments, and psychosocial factors in 70 young adults as compared to
normative data for non-patient controls are described. The clinical
features of the disease were congruent with those of other groups
studied. Stress was viewed as the major cause of recurrence, headaches
the major stress symptom, and acyclovir (an antiviral drug), was the
major treatment. Statistically significant differences were found
between scores obtained from the sample of young adults with genital
herpes on three of four standardized psychological instruments when
compared with normative data for non patient controls. Young adults with
genital herpes had a lower self concept, more psychopathology, a
greater frequency of daily hassles, and less intensity of uplifts. No
differences were found, however, between the two groups in scores on
depression.
he
purpose of this paper is to describe gender differences in risk
behaviors—substance use and sexual behavior—in young adults with genital
herpes. Two-hundred fifty-two young adults with genital herpes were
recruited into the study via newspaper advertisements in a West Coast
metropolitan area. As a part of a large randomized clinical trial,
participants completed questionnaires measuring demographic
characteristics and the risk behaviors of substance use and sexual
behavior. Participants had a mean age of 27.1 years and were largely
Caucasian, employed, college-educated, and heterosexual. Women were two
years younger than men and had less income. Gender differences were
found in both substance use and sexual behavior. Men were more likely to
report current use of illicit drugs than were women. Men were also more
likely to report a history of gonorrhea, and urethral discharge. Women
reported initiating sex at an older age and having fewer sexual partners
over their lifetimes than men. There were no gender differences in use
of condoms or spermicides specifically to prevent transmission of
genital herpes. Further study is needed of these young adults as they
are at high risk for transmission of the disease and also for
contracting other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Sensitive interventions are
needed with this high-risk population.
8-
A descriptive survey of knowledge of genital herpes
and attitudes to testing was conducted among antenatal clinic attendees
at the Gold Coast Hospital, Australia. The study subjects showed a good
knowledge of genital herpes, to a level that appears sufficient for an
informed choice regarding herpes serology testing to be made. A
preference for testing for genital herpes was suggested. Although
serological testing is not routinely required, the results of the study
indicate that discussion of genital herpes should be considered in the
antenatal clinic setting.Human
papillomavirus and Herpes simplex virus are the most common genital
viral infections encountered in clinical practice worldwide. We reviewed
the literature focusing on new and experimental treatment modalities
for both conditions, based on to the evidence-based data available. The
modalities evaluated include topical agents such as immune response
modifiers (imiquimod, resiquimod, and interferon), antivirals
(penciclovir, cidofovir, and foscarnet), sinecatechins, microbiocidals
(SPL7013 gel, and PRO 2000 gel), along with experimental
(oligodeoxynucleotides), immunoprophylactic, and immunotherapeutic
vaccines.
