Laboratory Diagnosis of Viruses
Direct detection of the virus
The diagnosis depend on detection of the virus itself i.e.virus antigen
Infection Immunological response detection
The diagnosis depend on immunlogical response for the body of the host
Direct detection of the virus
Electron microscopy
Cytological Examination
Virus Isolation
Virus Antigen Detection
Electon Microscopy
Identification of the virus morphology in direct speciment or in viral culture
for identification of HBV,VZV,HSV
Sometimes we use Spacific Ab to accumulate the viral particle
Cytological Examination
To see the viral effect on cell culture,these effect might be:
Cytopathic Effect(CPE) eg: in HSV,CMV
Inclusion body formation within the cell eg:in CMV
Syncytia i.e.cell clumping and fusing in the form of a giant cell eg: in VZV
Nuclear Inclusion i.e formation of inclusion within the cell nuclear
Nucleo-Cytoplasmic inclusion i.e inclusion within the cell nucleos and cytoplasm
Cell lysis i.e. the cell itself lyse
. Cell transformation eg: in HIV,HBV
.Interferance with the cell function i.e. cells become liable to abnormal change eg:CPE
Hemoadsorption I.e the cells agglutinate like in Influenza virs infection
Virus Isolation
We culture the virus in living cells
Cell cultures line
Chick Embryo
Animal Innoculation
Cell culture
Cells and media in containers containing growth factors these,these factors could be serum,vitamines,electrolytes,etc
cell culture classified according to it's continuity into:
Primary cell culture
It's a normal like epithelium,it live for short period then die as it can't divide forever to surviveeg: Human Fetal Lung cells
Semicontinue cells line
It has an ability to divide for relatively long period of time,but eventually will die,it contain a malignant caracteristic.
Continuous cells line
This is a malignant/cancereous cells,it has the ability to devide continuously,eg: HeLa,hep2,Vero
Lymphocyte cell culture
This may be T-cell or B-cell,it used for HIV,HTLV1&2,EBV
****l vial culture
It has ability to detect the viruse through addition of Abs,eg: in CMV diagnosis
Genetic engineering cell lines
This one is genetically modified
Chick Embryo
This is an old technique depend on ejection of chick embryo with the virus,then studying the effect of the virus on the embryonic growth
Amniotic innoculation
In 10-11 old egg,eg: Infleunza virus effect on chick embryo lung
Allantoic innoculation
For vaccine development,collection of the fluid after 24 hours injection
Chorioallantoic
For Poxvirus,HSV study
Animal Innoculation
Ejection of the virus in animal,then see the effect of the virus on animal,it also used in the development of some kind of vaccines eg:Rabies virus in dog brains for development of antirabies vaccine.
Virus Antigen Detection
This one depend on detection some part of the virus,these parts are:
Detection of Viral protien
Viral Nuclear Acid Detection
Detection of Viral Protien
This one is done by the same methods like the other immunlogical response methods,so it will be discussed together with the other micrbiological tests.
Viral Nuclear Acid Detection
Direct detection of the virus
The diagnosis depend on detection of the virus itself i.e.virus antigen
Infection Immunological response detection
The diagnosis depend on immunlogical response for the body of the host
Direct detection of the virus
Electron microscopy
Cytological Examination
Virus Isolation
Virus Antigen Detection
Electon Microscopy
Identification of the virus morphology in direct speciment or in viral culture
for identification of HBV,VZV,HSV
Sometimes we use Spacific Ab to accumulate the viral particle
Cytological Examination
To see the viral effect on cell culture,these effect might be:
Cytopathic Effect(CPE) eg: in HSV,CMV
Inclusion body formation within the cell eg:in CMV
Syncytia i.e.cell clumping and fusing in the form of a giant cell eg: in VZV
Nuclear Inclusion i.e formation of inclusion within the cell nuclear
Nucleo-Cytoplasmic inclusion i.e inclusion within the cell nucleos and cytoplasm
Cell lysis i.e. the cell itself lyse
. Cell transformation eg: in HIV,HBV
.Interferance with the cell function i.e. cells become liable to abnormal change eg:CPE
Hemoadsorption I.e the cells agglutinate like in Influenza virs infection
Virus Isolation
We culture the virus in living cells
Cell cultures line
Chick Embryo
Animal Innoculation
Cell culture
Cells and media in containers containing growth factors these,these factors could be serum,vitamines,electrolytes,etc
cell culture classified according to it's continuity into:
Primary cell culture
It's a normal like epithelium,it live for short period then die as it can't divide forever to surviveeg: Human Fetal Lung cells
Semicontinue cells line
It has an ability to divide for relatively long period of time,but eventually will die,it contain a malignant caracteristic.
Continuous cells line
This is a malignant/cancereous cells,it has the ability to devide continuously,eg: HeLa,hep2,Vero
Lymphocyte cell culture
This may be T-cell or B-cell,it used for HIV,HTLV1&2,EBV
****l vial culture
It has ability to detect the viruse through addition of Abs,eg: in CMV diagnosis
Genetic engineering cell lines
This one is genetically modified
Chick Embryo
This is an old technique depend on ejection of chick embryo with the virus,then studying the effect of the virus on the embryonic growth
Amniotic innoculation
In 10-11 old egg,eg: Infleunza virus effect on chick embryo lung
Allantoic innoculation
For vaccine development,collection of the fluid after 24 hours injection
Chorioallantoic
For Poxvirus,HSV study
Animal Innoculation
Ejection of the virus in animal,then see the effect of the virus on animal,it also used in the development of some kind of vaccines eg:Rabies virus in dog brains for development of antirabies vaccine.
Virus Antigen Detection
This one depend on detection some part of the virus,these parts are:
Detection of Viral protien
Viral Nuclear Acid Detection
Detection of Viral Protien
This one is done by the same methods like the other immunlogical response methods,so it will be discussed together with the other micrbiological tests.
Viral Nuclear Acid Detection
