طرق السيطره علي طفيليات الخيول

*Please
note Quest has a lower safety margin than Ivermectin products, meaning
that it requires a more exact dose. Therefore it is not recommended in
young, debilitated, or older horses.

The Daily Dewormer Option:
Daily fed Strongid in addition to two doses of Ivermectin and Ivermectin/Praziquantel product:

What happened to a rotation schedule, you may be asking?
Research
on farm that use a rotation schedule showed that the only effective
dewormings are those done with Ivermectin product. Single dose
Fenbendazole and Pyrantel products are no longer effective for adult
horse dewormings due to resistance. Please note that individual
deworming routines may vary for different farms. A farm with a small
amount of acreage and large population of horses may require more
frequent dewormings.

Recommended Foal Deworming Program
Foals
are more susceptible to roundworm (ascarids) infestations than adults
who develop a resistance over time. Since worm burdens can be high in
foals, they may require monthly dewormings as described below.
Foals
can also be given daily feed dewormer in combination with Ivermectin
products, but it is suggested that tehy are weaned first before starting
this program. This is to insure that the foal is ingesting the proper
dosage of dewormer.

Foals Need Special Consideration
- Early experimental work has shown some breakthrough of large
strongyles in foals on Strongid pellets. Also known is that all classes
of dewormers are not as effective in foals:

• If on contaminated pastures:
Starting
at one month of age, use ivermectin at 1.5 times the recommended dosage
monthly for the first year. At 6 months of age you should use one of
the ivermectin/praziquantel products. At a year of age the horse can be
put into the adult deworming schedule.

• If on clean pasture:
Foals
are acutely sesitive to parasites especially round worms. Damage can
occur prior to the appearance of eggs in the fecal. It is best to deworm
at a month of ag with a 1.5 times the recommended dosage of ivermectin
and then put into the adult deworming program.

Deworming the
Debilitated Horse - Great care must be used in approaching deworming a
horse that might be heavily parasitized. Whenever adult or larval stages
of most parasites are killed, bleeding and inflammation is created in
the wall of the bowel. Also, in the case of round worms or more rarely
tapes, there is the potential for a physical obstruction when high
numbers of this rather large parasite are present. A fecal flotation for
parasite eggs should identify this condition and should have been part
of an initial exam.

When this problem is identified or even just
suspected, care should be used in the initial dewormings to avoid a
rapid kill off of large numbers of parasites. There is no concrete
information on what is a safe way to do this and it would probably
depend on a number of factors that include condition of the horse, age,
type of parasites present, and number of parasites present. The
following recommendation should work in most scenarios and is very
cautious:

• Remove the horse from contact with other horses and further contact with areas contaminated by parasite larvae.
•
Begin with a dose of a good quality fenbendizole paste dewormer like
Panacur or Anthelcide or a dose of a pyrantel-based dewormer like
Strongid paste.
• If the horse tolerates this well for seven days you can give a whole dose of the dewormer.
• If the horse tolerates this well for seven days give a dose of ivermectin-based dewormer.
• If the horse tolerates this well for the following week give a whole dose of ivermectin-based dewormer.

Deworm
monthly with ivermectin or place the horse on Strongid granules until
the horse returns to good condition and the horse can be placed in the
regular deworming routine at this time. Signs of intolerance would
include diarrhea, colic, black stools or blood in the stools,
respiratory difficulties or weakness, within the next three days of
deworming. Once treated and recovered from the reaction repeat the last
step before going on.

Internal
parasites are silent killers. They can cause extensive internal damage,
and you may not even realize your animals are heavily infected. At the
very least, parasites can lower resistance, rob the horse of valuable
nutrients, and cause gastrointestinal irritation and unthriftiness. At
their worst, they can lead to colic,
intestinal ruptures, and death.

In
terms of management priorities, establishing an effective parasite
control program is probably second only to supplying the horse with
clean, plentiful water and high quality feed. It's that important!
IDENTIFYING THE ENEMY
There
are more than 150 internal parasites that afflict horses, including
several major species. Among the most common and troublesome are:

• Large strongyles (bloodworms)
• Small strongyles
• Ascarids
• Pinworms
• Bots
• Tapeworms
• Threadworms
• Lungworms

Any
or all of these parasites can be present in the horse at one time, but
they may be at different stages in their life cycles. This will
influence the deworming program needed to combat them. Also, keep in
mind that some species can lay more than 200,000 eggs a day, so parasite
loads can escalate quickly.

PARASITE DAMAGE
Different
parasites harm the horse in different ways. They can damage tissues and
vital organs, including the major blood vessels to the intestines,
lungs, liver, stomach, and intestines, as they migrate through the
horse's system to complete their life cycles. They can cause
obstructions and ulcerations within the horse's digestive tract, and
they can also cause intense irritation as they lay eggs, such as
pinworms do.
SIGNS OF PARASITISM
Contrary to
popular belief, many horses that have dangerous parasite levels appear
to be perfectly healthy. From the outside they may be fat, sleek and
shiny, while on the inside the worms are doing irreparable damage. But
in other horses, especially young horses, parasites can take a visible
toll. Signs of infestation might
include:
• Dull, rough hair coat
• Weight loss
• Tail rubbing in hair loss
• Colic
• Depression
• Unthriftiness or loss of condition
• Lethargy or decreased stamina
• Coughing and/or nasal discharge
• Resistance to the bit due to mouth lesions
• Summer sores
• Loss of appetite
• Diarrhea
FECAL EXAMINATIONS
One
of the most under-utilized tools in an effective parasite control
program is the fecal examination, which merely involves taking two to
three fresh fecal balls to your veterinarian for laboratory analysis.
This simple process can identify the specific parasites infecting a
horse. Rarely are the worms themselves visible in the manure. But by
counting the types and numbers of parasite eggs present in the fecal
sample, your veterinarian can recommend the right deworming agents to do
the job. Fecal eggs per gram counts (EPG) also tell an owner about the
degree of parasite infestation on a farm or within a herd. The fecal
exam is a cost-effective follow-up to deworming to determine whether the
dewormer has worked. It's good practice to do a fecal EPG count within
two weeks after deworming.

METHODS OF ADMINISTRATION
There are three primary ways of administering dewormers. They are:
1. Oral paste syringe
2. Nasogastric tube (tubing)
3. Feed additive

All
three methods are effective. The key is that the deworming product must
be given in the proper dose at the proper time, and that it is fully
consumed and retained by the animal. Deworming pastes and feed
formulations have come into widespread use because of convenience and
ease of administration. They are a good choice as long as the horse
ingests the entire dose. (The dose must be calculated based on the
horse's weight.) The problem is that some horses may find them
unpalatable and spit them out. Tube deworming, once the method of
choice, is still a highly effective means of controlling parasites. The
advantage of administering dewormers via a nasogastric tube is that the
veterinarian can ensure the proper dose is delivered directly to the
horse's stomach. The disadvantage is that it causes the animal temporary
discomfort when it is passed through the nostrils and down the
esophagus into the stomach. Because of the skill required to safely
insert the tube, only a veterinarian should perform this method of
deworming.
DEWORMING SCHEDULES
The best way
to set up a deworming schedule is to consult your veterinarian. Horses
at different ages and stages have varying needs concerning parasite
control. For example, young foals are especially susceptible to ascarid
(roundworm) infestation, and may require deworming at thirty-day
intervals until they build some
natural resistance. Older horses
turned out on a large acreage might do well on a semiannual schedule.
And some owners may prefer to have their horses on a continuous control
program whereby the horse is given a daily dose of dewormer through a
feed additive. Climatic conditions and season of year can also influence
parasite
levels. Your veterinarian may recommend that you concentrate deworming
efforts when your horse's exposure to parasites is at its peak. Other
veterinarians may prefer that you deworm at regular intervals, such as
every sixty to ninety days. Still others may recommend that you prevent
parasitism with a daily dewormer. In any case, the goal is to keep
parasite loads to a minimum.

A COMPLETE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
Importantly,
chemical control is just one part of a total parasite control plan.
Since parasites are primarily transferred through manure, good
management is also key.

You should:
• Pick up and dispose of manure droppings on a regular basis (at least twice weekly)
• Mow and harrow pastures regularly to break up manure piles and expose parasite eggs and larvae to the elements

•
Rotate pastures by allowing other livestock, such as sheep or cattle,
to graze them, thereby interrupting the life cycles of equine parasites

• Group horses by age to reduce exposure to certain parasites and maximize the deworming program geared to that group

• Keep the number of horses per acre to a minimum to prevent overgrazing and reduce the fecal contamination per acre

• Use a feeder for hay and grain rather than feeding on the ground

• Remove bot eggs quickly and regularly from the horse's hair coat to prevent ingestion











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