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Abbreviations Used in Laboratory Diagnosis
A/G ratio Albumin / Globulin ratio
ACP Acid Phosphataes
AFP Alpha fetoprotein
ALP Alkaline phosphatase
ALT Alanine transaminase (SGPT)
ASOT Antistreptolysin – O-titre
AST Aspartate transaminase (SGOT)
BSC Blood Sugar Curve
BT Bleeding Time
BUN Blood Urea Nitrogen
Ca Calcium
CBC Complete Blood Count
CBP Complete Blood Picture
CEA Carcinombryronic antigen
Cl Chloride
CK-MB CK – isoenzyme
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
CPK Creatine Phosphokinase
CRP C - reactive protein
CT Clotting Time
CUA Complete Urine Analysis
DLC Differential Leucocytic Count
ELIZA Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay
ESR Erythrocytic Sedimentation Rate
FBS Fasting Blood Sugar
Fe Ferrous (iron)
FSH Follicular Stimulating Hormones
G-6-PD Glucose – 6- Phosphate Dehydrgenase
GGT Gammaglutamyl Transferase
HAV Ab Hepatitis A- antibodies
HAV Hepatitis A Virus
HB% Hemoglobin percent
HBs Ag Hepatitis B surface antigen
HbA1c Glycosylated Hemoglobin
HCT Hematocrit
HCV Ab Hepatitis C Virus antibodies
HDLc High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
HGH Human Growth Hormone
HIV AIDS virus (Human Immunodeficient Virus)
LDH Lactate Dehydrogenase
LDL Low Density Lipoproteins
LH Luteinizing Hormone
MCH Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
MCV Mean Corpuscular Volume
MCHC Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin conc.
Na Sodium
OGTT Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
P Pposphorus
PSA Prostate Specific Antigen
RBC Red Blood Cell count
T3 Triiodothyronine
T4 Thyroxin
TG Triglycerides
TSH Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
WBC White Blood Cell Count
Common Lab Values
Hematology Values
HEMATOCRIT (HCT)
Normal Adult Female Range: 37 - 47%
Optimal Adult Female Reading: 42%
Normal Adult Male Range 40 - 54%
Optimal Adult Male Reading: 47
Normal Newborn Range: 50 - 62%
Optimal Newborn Reading: 56
HEMOGLOBIN (HGB)
Normal Adult Female Range: 12 - 16 g/dl
Optimal Adult Female Reading: 14 g/dl
Normal Adult Male Range: 14 - 18 g/dl
Optimal Adult Male Reading: 16 g/dl
Normal Newborn Range: 14 - 20 g/dl
Optimal Newborn Reading: 17 g/dl
MCH (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin)
Normal Adult Range: 27 - 33 pg
Optimal Adult Reading: 30
MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume)
Normal Adult Range: 80 - 100 fl
Optimal Adult Reading: 90
Higher ranges are found in newborns and infants
MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration)
Normal Adult Range: 32 - 36 %
Optimal Adult Reading: 34
Higher ranges are found in newborns and infants
R.B.C. (Red Blood Cell Count)
Normal Adult Female Range: 3.9 - 5.2 mill/mcl
Optimal Adult Female Reading: 4.55
Normal Adult Male Range: 4.2 - 5.6 mill/mcl
Optimal Adult Male Reading: 4.9
Lower ranges are found in Children, newborns and infants
W.B.C. (White Blood Cell Count)
Normal Adult Range: 3.8 - 10.8 thous/mcl
Optimal Adult Reading: 7.3
Higher ranges are found in children, newborns and infants.
PLATELET COUNT
Normal Adult Range: 130 - 400 thous/mcl
Optimal Adult Reading: 265
Higher ranges are found in children, newborns and infants
NEUTROPHILS and NEUTROPHIL COUNT - this isthe main defender of the body against infection and antigens. High levels may indicate an active infection.
Normal Adult Range: 48 - 73 %
Optimal Adult Reading: 60.5
Normal Children’s Range: 30 - 60 %
Optimal Children’s Reading: 45
LYMPHOCYTES and LYMPHOCYTE COUNT - Elevatedlevels may indicate active viral infections such asmeasles,rubella,chickenpox, or infectious mononucleosis.
Normal Adult Range: 18 - 48 %
Optimal Adult Reading: 33
Normal Children’s Range: 25 - 50 %
Optimal Children’s Reading: 37.5
MONOCYTES and MONOCYTE COUNT - Elevated levels are seen in tissue breakdownor chronic infections, carcinomas,leukemia (monocytic) or lymphomas.
Normal Adult Range: 0 - 9 %
Optimal Adult Reading: 4.5
EOSINOPHILS and EOSINOPHIL COUNT - Elevated levels may indicate an allergic reactions or parasites.
Normal Adult Range: 0 - 5 %
Optimal Adult Reading: 2.5
BASOPHILS and BASOPHIL COUNT - Basophilicactivity is not fully understood but it is known to carry histamine, heparin and serotonin. High levels are found in allergic reactions.
Normal Adult Range: 0 - 2 %
Optimal Adult Reading: 1
Electrolyte Values:-
· SODIUM - Sodium is the most abundant cation in the blood and its chief base. It functions in the body to maintain osmotic pressure, acid-base balance and to transmit nerve impulses. Very Low value: seizure and Neurologic Sx.
Normal Adult Range: 135-146 mEq/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 140.5
· POTASSIUM - Potassium is the major intracellular cation. Very low value: Cardiac arythemia.
Normal Range: 3.5 - 5.5 mEq/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 4.5
CHLORIDE - Elevated levels are related to acidosis as wellas too much water crossing the cell membrane
Decreased levels with decreased serum albumin may indicate water deficiencycrossing thecell membrane (edema). - Diabetes
Normal Adult Range: 95-112 mEq/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 103 mEq/L
Discussion
Chloride contributes to the body’s acid/base balance. Along with Sodium, Potassium and Carbon Dioxide, it is important in evaluating acid/base relationships, state of hydration, adrenal and renal functions. Its level varies inversely with Carbon Dioxide. Chloride elevation indicates acidosis, decrease indicate alkalosis.
· CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) - The CO2 level is related tothe respiratory exchange of carbon dioxide in the lungs and is part of the bodies buffering system. Generally when used with the other electrolytes, it is a good indicator of acidosis and alkalinity.
Normal Adult Range: 22-32 mEq/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 27
Normal Children's Range - 20 - 28 mEq/L
Optimal Children's Reading: 24
· CALCIUM - involved in bone metabolism, protein absorption, fat transfer muscular contraction, transmission of nerve impulses, blood clotting and cardiac function. Regulated by parathyroid.
Normal Adult Range: 8.5-10.3 mEq/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 9.4
Discussion
Serum calcium is not at all reflective of total body stores of calcium but rather reflects the metabolic and hormonal state of the individual. Ionic or free calcium is not only the biologically active form of calcium but reflects the amount of albumin and the blood pH.
Serum calcium can not be properly interpreted without serum albumin level. Use the formula Adjusted Calcium = Serum calcium - serum albumin + 4. By far the most common causes of hypocalcaemia are primary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, and drug-induced. A PTH, calcium, albumin and phosphorus level drawn simultaneously helps classify the etiology into main groups. Watch for signs of calcium deposition and kidney stones
.
MAGNESIUM
Optimal Range: 2-3 mg/DL
Discussion
The serum magnesium is not reflective of total magnesium stores. Unfortunately there is not a good test for magnesium, but a red cell Mg level is preferable to serum magnesium. Approximately 2/3 to ¾ of magnesium in blood is not attached to protein.
· PHOSPHORUS - Generally inverse with Calcium.
Normal Adult Range: 2.5 - 4.5 mEq/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 3.5
Normal Children's Range: 3 - 6 mEq/dl
Optimal Children's Range: 4.5
· ANION GAP (Sodium + Potassium - CO2 + Chloride) - An increased measurement is associated with metabolic acidosis due to the overproduction of acids (a state of alkalinity is in effect). Decreased levels may indicate metabolic alkalosis due to the overproduction of alkaloids (a state of acidosis is in effect).
Normal Adult Range: 4 - 14 (calculated)
Optimal Adult Reading: 9
· CALCIUM / PHOSPHORUS Ratio
Normal Adult Range: 2.3 - 3.3 (calculated)
Optimal Adult Reading: 2.8
Normal Children’s range: 1.3 - 3.3 (calculated)
Optimal Children’s Reading: 2.3
· SODIUM / POTASSIUM
Normal Adult Range: 26 - 38 (calculated)
Optimal Adult Reading: 32
hepatic enzymes
AST (Serum Glutamic-Oxalocetic Transaminase - SGOT ) Found primarily in the liver, heart,kidney, pancreas, and muscles. Seen in tissue damage, especially heart and live
Normal Adult Range: 0 - 42 U/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 21
ALT (Serum Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase - SGPT) - Decreased SGPT in combination with increased cholesterol levels is seen in cases of a congested liver. We also see increased levels in mononucleosis, alcoholism, liver damage, kidney infection, chemical pollutants or myocardial infarction
Normal Adult Range: 0 - 48 U/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 24
ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE- Used extensively as a tumor marker it is also present in bone injury, pregnancy, or skeletal growth (elevated readings. Low levels are sometimes found in hypoadrenia, protein deficiency, malnutrition and a number of vitamin deficiencies
Normal Adult Range: 20 - 125 U/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 72.5
Normal Children's Range: 40 - 400 U/L
Optimal Children's Reading: 220
GGT (Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase) - Elevatedlevels may be found in liver disease, alcoholism, bile-duct obstruction, cholangitis, drug abuse, and in some cases excessive magnesium ingestion. Decreased levels can be found in hypothyroidism, hypothalamic malfunction and low levels of magnesium.
Normal Adult Female Range: 0 - 45 U/L
Optimal Female Reading: 22.5
Normal Adult Male Range: 0 - 65 U/L
Optimal Male Reading: 32.5
LDH (Lactic Acid Dehydrogenase) - Increases are usuallyfound in cellular death and/or leakage fromthe cell or in some cases it can be useful in confirming myocardial or pulmonary infarction (only in relation to other tests). Decreased levelsof the enzyme maybe seen in cases of malnutrition, hypoglycemia, adrenal exhaustion or low tissue or organ activity.
Normal Adult Range: 0 - 250 U/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 125
TOTAL BILIRUBIN- Elevated in liver disease, mononucleosis, hemolytic anemia, low levels of exposure to the sun, and toxic effects to some drugs, decreased levels are seen in people with an inefficient liver, excessive fat digestion, and possibly a diet low in nitrogen bearing foods
Normal Adult Range 0 - 1.3 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: .65
Renal Related:-
B.U.N. (Blood Urea Nitrogen) - Increases can be caused by excessive protein intake, kidney damage, certain drugs, low fluid intake, intestinal bleeding, exercise or heart failure. Decreased levels may be due to a poor diet, malabsorption, liver damage or low nitrogen intake.
Normal Adult Range: 7 - 25 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 16 mg/DL
CREATININE - Low levels are sometimes seen in kidney damage, protein starvation, liver disease or pregnancy. Elevated levels are sometimes seen in kidney disease due to the kidneys job of excreting creatinine, muscle degeneration, and some drugs involved in impairment of kidney function,
Congestive heart failure
Normal Adult Range: 0 .7 - 1.4 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 1.05
Discussion
Creatinine is formed in muscles from creatine, which is formed in the liver. It is a substance that in health is easily excreted by the kidney. Because all Creatinine filtered by the kidneys is excreted into the urine, its levels at any given time interval are ***************alent to the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR).
URIC ACID - High levels are noted in gout, infections, kidney disease, alcoholism, high protein diets, and with toxemia in pregnancy. Low levels may be indicative of kidney disease, malabsorption, poor diet, liver damage or an overly acid kidney.
Normal Adult Female Range: 2.5 - 7.5 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Female Reading: 5.0
Normal Adult Male Range: 3.5 - 7.5 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Male Reading:5.5
BUN/CREATININE - This calculation is a good measurement of kidney and liver function.
Normal Adult Range: 6 -25 (calculated)
Optimal Adult Reading: 15.5
Protein:-
TOTAL PROTEIN - Decreased levels may be due to poor nutrition, liver disease, malabsorption, diarrhea, or severe burns. Increased levels are seen in lupus, liver disease, chronic infections, alcoholism, leukemia, tuberculosis amongst many others.
Normal Adult Range: 6.0 -8.5 g/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 7.25
ALBUMIN- major constituent of serum protein (usually over 50%). High levels are seen in liver disease (rarely) , shock, dehydration, or multiple myeloma. Lower levels are seen in poor diets, diarrhea, fever, infection, liver disease, inadequate iron intake, third-degree burns and edemas or hypocalcaemia
Normal Adult Range: 3.2 - 5.0 g/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 4.1
GLOBULIN - Globulins have many diverse functions such as, the carrier of some hormones, lipids, metals, and antibodies (IgA, IgG, IgM, and IgE). Elevated levels are seen with chronic infections, liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis, myelomas, and lupus are present, . Lower levels in immune compromised patients, poor dietary habits, malabsorption and liver or kidney disease.
Normal Adult Range: 2.2 - 4.2 g/dl (calculated)
Optimal Adult Reading: 3.2
A/G RATIO (Albumin/Globulin Ratio)
Normal Adult Range: 0.8 - 2.0 (calculated)
Optimal Adult Reading: 1.9
Lipids:-
CHOLESTEROL - High density lipoproteins (HDL) is desired as opposed to the low density lipoproteins (LDL), two types of cholesterol. Elevated cholesterol has been seen in arthrosclerosis, diabetes, hypothyroidism, pancreatic dysfunction and pregnancy. Low levels are seen in depression, malnutrition, liver insufficiency, malignancies, anemia, Hyperthyroidism and infection.
Normal Adult Range: 120 - 240 mg/dl
Optimal Range: 185-200 mg/d
l
Discussion
Cholesterol is an important part of our diet. It is essential to the proper function and structure of cell membranes. Bile acids are derived from cholesterol. The liver, adrenals, sex glands, intestines, and even the placenta, manufacture cholesterol. Cholesterol is best used as an indicator of other metabolic dysfunction. Should not be considered a disease by itself unless extreme, which indicates familial cause. Check triglycerides and HDL/LDL. Cholesterol is increased with endocrine hypo function. Low levels are not necessarily desirable as it is associated with increased incidence of malignancy and mental illness
LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) - studies correlate the association between high levels of LDL and arterial arthrosclerosis
Normal Adult Range: 62 - 130 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 81 mg/dl
HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) - A high level of HDL is an indication of a healthy metabolic system if there is no sign of liver disease or intoxication.
Normal Adult Range: 35 - 135 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: +85 mg/dl
Discussion
HDL is comprised of phospholipids and one or two apolipoproteins. It plays a role in the metabolism of other lipoproteins and in the transport of cholesterol to the liver. The HDL is a class of lipoproteins produced by the liver and intestines.A combination of increased triglyceride, cholesterol, and LDL with reduced HDL is indicative of atherogenic tendencies. A diet high in sugar may decrease HDL while increasing total serum cholesterol.
TRIGLYCERIDES - Increased levels may be present in atherosclerosis, hypothyroidism, liver disease, pancreatitis, myocardial infarction, metabolic disorders, toxemia, and nephrotic syndrome. Decreased levels may be present in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, brain infarction, hyperthyroidism, malnutrition, and malabsorption.
Normal Adult Range: 0 - 200 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 100
CHOLESTEROL / LDL RATIO:-
Normal Adult Range: 1 - 6
Optimal Adult Reading: 3.5
Thyroid:-
THYROXINE (T4)- Increased levels are found in hyperthyroidism, acute thyroiditis, and hepatitis. Low levels can be found in Cretinism, hypothyroidism, cirrhosis, malnutrition, and chronic thyroiditis.
Normal Adult Range: 4 - 12 ng/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 8 ng/dl
Free THYROXINE (T4)- A low level may indicate a diseased thyroid gland or may indicate a non-functioning pituitary gland which is not stimulating the thyroid to produce T4 . If T4 is low and TSH is normal , that is more likely to indicate a problem with the pituitary .
Normal Adult Range: 8-2 ng/dl
Free Triiodothyronine (T3) - Sometimes the diseased thyroid gland will start producing very high levels of T3 but still produce normal level of T4. Therefore measurement of both hormones provides an even more accurate evaluation of thyroid function.
Normal Adult Range1.4-4.4 pg/ml
THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) - produced by the anterior pituitary gland, causes the release and distribution of stored thyroid hormones. When T4 and T3 are too high, TSH secretion decreases, when T4 and T3 are low, TSHsecretion increases. Mid–rangenormal in most labs is about 1.7. A high level of TSH combined with a low or normal T4 level generally indicates hypothyroidism, which can have an effect on fertility.
Normal Adult Range: .0.4-4.0 mlU/l
Cardiac:-
Creatine phosphokinase (CK) - Levels rise 4 to 8 hours after an acute MI, peaking at 16 to 30 hours and returning to baseline within 4 days
25-200 U/L
32-150 U/L
CK-MB CK isoenzyme - It begins to increase 6 to 10 hours after an acute MI, peaks in 24 hours, and remains elevated for up to 72 hours.
< 12 IU/L if total CK is <400 IU/L
<3.5% of total CK if total CK is >400 IU/L
(LDH) Lactate dehydrogenase - Total (LDH) will begin to rise 2 to 5 days after an MI; the elevation can last 10 days.
140-280 U/L
SGOT - will begin to rise in 8-12 hours and peak in 18-30 hours
10-42 U/L
GLUCOSE
Optimal Range: 85-100 mg/DL
Causes of Increased
· Diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance syndromes
· Thiamine (B<sub>1) insufficiency
· Stress
· Acute and chronic pancreatitis
· Drugs (anabolic and glucocorticoids, epinephrine, , diuretics,)
Causes of Decreased
Excess insulin (insulinoma, over dosage)
Impaired glucose tolerance (post-prandial)
Late/large malignancies
Endocrine hypo function (thyroid, adrenal cortex, anterior pituitary)
Protein malnutrition
Sometimes in pregnancy
Liver dysfunction
After gastric surgeries (altered gastric emptying)
IRON
Optimal Range: 75-150 mg/ml
Causes of Increased
Ineffective erythropoiesis (thalassemias, sideroblastic)
Intra-vascular hemolysis
Liver disease (alcohol, portocaval shunts)
Excessive iron intake
Causes of Decreased
Iron deficiency (low ferritin level; nutritional, blood loss, , small bowel disease, increased demand)
Chronic disease (liver dysfunction, renal dysfunction, etc.)
Discussion
Iron is known for its relationship to hemoglobin, which transports oxygen. Confirm true iron deficiency before supplementing iron. Never give Iron to someone who has an inflamed liver because this can be toxic. With B<sub>12 or Iron deficiencies, give special consideration to increased occurrence in the elderly. The most important test for iron is the serum ferritin.
Normal Laboratory Values in Pregnancy
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT)
10-60 units/L
Increases in HELLP syndrome
Albumin
3.6g/dL-5.2g/dL
Decreases in pregnancy due to hem dilution. Plasma oncotic pressure decreases as well.
Alkaline Phosphates
42-98 units/L
Levels increase in pregnancy 11-128 units/L
(peaking in the 3<sup>rd trimester. Further increases may be seen when there is liver impairment.
Amylase
1) Serum amylase rises gradually during pregnancy until the twenty-fifth week and thereafter falls slightly
(2) Serum amylase values in normal pregnant women in the second and third trimesters may exceed those seen in normal men and nonpregnant women
(3) During the second trimester of pregnancy there may be an alteration in the relative distribution of the pancreatic and salivary-type isoamylases with the salivary type tending to dominate. Knowledge of these changes is of importance in the clinical assessment of serum amylase values in pregnant women complaining of abdominal pain and other symptoms suggestive of acute pancreatitis
Arterial Blood Gases
Non-pregnant Pregnant
PO<sub>2 85-100mmHg 104-108mmHg
PCO<sub>2 35-45mmHg 27-32mmHg
Ph 7.35-7.45 7.35-7.45
SaO<sub>2 95-99% 95-99%
HCO<sub>3 22-28mEq/L 18-25mEq/L.
Please note the decrease in HCO3 values due to renal excretion of bicarbonate (compensatory metabolic acidosis)
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST or SGOT)
10-42 units/L
Increases in acute fatty liver of pregnancy, HELLP syndrome and preeclampsia
Bleeding Time
2-7 minutes
>11 minutes are of concern
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
8-20mg/dL
Decreases in pregnancy
BUN levels are normally lower especially towards the end of pregnancy when the fetus is using large amounts of protein.
Calcium (Ca)
Serum 8.4-10.2mg/dL
Serum Ionized 4.0-4.8mg/dL
Total calcium level decreases because of hemodilution. However, ionized Ca remains the same due to decrease in serum albumin.
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Hgb 12-16g/dL. Pregnancy decreases Hgb by 1.5-2 g.dL
Hct 37-47%. (4-6% decrease in pregnancy)
RBC 4.2-5.4 x 10<sup>6/ul. Pregnancy decreases by 0.8 x 10<sup>6/ul
MCV 81-99 um<sup>3 (81-99fl)
MCH 27-31 pg (27-31pg)
MCHC 33-37 g/dl (330-370 g/L)
WBC 4.8-10.8 X 10<sup>3/ul (4.8-10.8 X 10<sup>9/L); 5-12K in pregnancy and 14-16K during labor.
Differential
Segs 53-79%; Bands 1-10 %;Eos 0-4%;Lymphs 13-46%;Monos 3-9%;Basos 0-1%
Serum Cortisol
5-25ug/dl (138-690 nmol/L) in the morning and 3-13ug/dl (83-359 nmol/L in the evening.
.
Creatinine (serum)
0.6-1.2 mg/dl
Pregnancy 0.4-0.8 mg/dl.
Creatinine > 1 mg/dL signifies renal dysfunction in pregnancy
Serum electrolytes
Chloride 98-109 mEq/L
Sodium 137-145mEq/L
Potassium 3.5- 5.0 mEq/L
Bicarbonate 18-21 mmol/L
Potassium decreases 0.1-0.2mEq/L and Sodium decreases 2-3 mEq/L
Coagulation Factors
I Fibrinogen Changes in pregnancy 4.0-6.5 g/l
II Prothrombin Changes in pregnancy 100-125%
IV Ca.++ - No change
V Proaccelerin -.changes in pregnancy100-150%
VII Proconvertin-Changes in pregnancy 150-250%
VIII Antihemophilic Changes in pregnancy200-500%
IX Antihemophilic B (Christmas factor) changes in pregnancy 100-150%
X Stuart- Prower Factor Changes in pregnancy 150-250%
XI Antihemophilic Factor C Changes in pregnancy 50-100%
XII Hageman Factor Changes in pregnancy 100-200%
XIII Fibrin Stabilizing Factor Changes in pregnancy 35-75% Antithrombin III Changes in pregnancy 75-100%
Antifactor Xa Changes in pregnancy 75-100%
Factors XI and XIII decrease in pregnancy. All other factors increase or remain the same.
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
<20mm/h. Increases in pregnancy
Fibrin Degradation Products
<10ug/ml. High levels with abruption, fetal demise, and disseminated intravascular coagulations.
Glycohemoglobin
Hgb A1C 3.6-4.9%; Hgb A1 5.1-7.8%
Iron
Iron 50-132ug/dl;
Iron binding capacity
265-411ug/dl
Iron saturation
20-55%;
Transferrin
200-400mg/dl
Lipase
4-24u/dl
Magnesium
(You must know what units your laboratory are using, mg/dL, mEq/l or mmol/L)
Note: 2.7 mg/dL=2 mEq/L=1 mmol/L
1.8-3.0mg/dl 10mEq/l=1.22mg/dl
Slight decrease in pregnancy (10%)
Therapeutic level 4-7mg/dl
Loss of patellar reflex 8-12mg/dl
Feeling of warmth, flushing 9-12mg/dl
Somnolence 10-12mg/dl
Slurred speech 10-12mg/dl
Muscular paralysis 15-17mg/dl
Respiratory difficulty 15-17mg/dl
Cardiac arrest 30-35mg/dl
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and Markers of bone turnover
8-65pg/ml
In one study, morning blood and urine samples were obtained for laboratory tests: within 3 months before conception (baseline); between 22 and 24 gestational weeks; after delivery, and 6 and 12 months postpartum. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D), parathyroid hormone, bone specific alkaline phosphates, osteocalcin (OC), procollagen I carboxypeptides, calcium, phosphate and creatinine in addition to urine deoxypyridinoline crosslinks and calcium were measured. There was no significant difference in the values of urinary calcium / creatinine and serum calcium, phosphate and 25-OH-D between the different visits during the study.
Phosphorus
2.5-5.0mg/dl
Plasma levels of inorganic phosphorus do not change appreciably from nonpregnant levels.
Platelet Count
135,000-150,000/mm
Mild Gestational Thrombocytopenia Plt. Count 100,000-149,000/mm
Moderate Gestational Thrombocytopenia Plt. Count 50,000-99,000/mm
Profound Gestational Thrombocytopenia Plt. Count <50,000
Prothrombin Time (PT)
10.6-12.9 Sec. No significant change in pregnancy
Thrombin Time
Normal within 5 sec. of control
Thyroid Functions
Tyroxine (T4)5.0 12.6ug/dl
Free Thyroxine(FreeT4)1.6-2.4ng/dl;
Triiodothyronine (FreeT3) 125-300pg/dl;
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) 0.5-3.8 uU/ml
Venous blood was tested for human chronic gonadotropin (hCG), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxin (FT4) and total triiodothyronine (TT3). Early pregnancy thyroid function tests showed a significant decrease (p < 0.001) in TSH and a significant increase (p < 0.001) in TT3 as compared to the nonpregnant state; FT4, however, did not change significantly. In 8 (11.2%) pregnant subjects, TT3 levels were above the normal range for nonpregnant controls. Elevated thyroid function in early pregnancy is transient, and does not usually warrant antithyroid treatment. Thus, any conclusion regarding thyroid function in early pregnancy should be based on pregnant controls rather than general population controls.
Uric Acid
Adult females: 2.0 - 6.5 mg/dl; in early pregnancy uric acid levels fall by about one-
third but rise to non-pregnant levels by term
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