Abbreviations Used in Laboratory Diagnosis
A/G ratio Albumin / Globulin ratio
ACP Acid Phosphataes
AFP Alpha fetoprotein
ALP Alkaline phosphatase
ALT Alanine transaminase (SGPT)
ASOT Antistreptolysin – O-titre
AST Aspartate transaminase (SGOT)
BSC Blood Sugar Curve
BT Bleeding Time
BUN Blood Urea Nitrogen
Ca Calcium
CBC Complete Blood Count
CBP Complete Blood Picture
CEA Carcinombryronic antigen
Cl Chloride
CK-MB CK – isoenzyme
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
CPK Creatine Phosphokinase
CRP C - reactive protein
CT Clotting Time
CUA Complete Urine Analysis
DLC Differential Leucocytic Count
ELIZA Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay
ESR Erythrocytic Sedimentation Rate
FBS Fasting Blood Sugar
Fe Ferrous (iron)
FSH Follicular Stimulating Hormones
G-6-PD Glucose – 6- Phosphate Dehydrgenase
GGT Gammaglutamyl Transferase
HAV Ab Hepatitis A- antibodies
HAV Hepatitis A Virus
HB% Hemoglobin percent
HBs Ag Hepatitis B surface antigen
HbA1c Glycosylated Hemoglobin
HCT Hematocrit
HCV Ab Hepatitis C Virus antibodies
HDLc High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
HGH Human Growth Hormone
HIV AIDS virus (Human Immunodeficient Virus)
LDH Lactate Dehydrogenase
LDL Low Density Lipoproteins
LH Luteinizing Hormone
MCH Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
MCV Mean Corpuscular Volume
MCHC Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin conc.
Na Sodium
OGTT Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
P Pposphorus
PSA Prostate Specific Antigen
RBC Red Blood Cell count
T3 Triiodothyronine
T4 Thyroxin
TG Triglycerides
TSH Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
WBC White Blood Cell Count
Common Lab Values
Hematology Values
* HEMATOCRIT (HCT)
Normal Adult Female Range: 37 - 47%
Optimal Adult Female Reading: 42%
Normal Adult Male Range 40 - 54%
Optimal Adult Male Reading: 47
Normal Newborn Range: 50 - 62%
Optimal Newborn Reading: 56
* HEMOGLOBIN (HGB)
Normal Adult Female Range: 12 - 16 g/dl
Optimal Adult Female Reading: 14 g/dl
Normal Adult Male Range: 14 - 18 g/dl
Optimal Adult Male Reading: 16 g/dl
Normal Newborn Range: 14 - 20 g/dl
Optimal Newborn Reading: 17 g/dl
* MCH (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin)
Normal Adult Range: 27 - 33 pg
Optimal Adult Reading: 30
* MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume)
Normal Adult Range: 80 - 100 fl
Optimal Adult Reading: 90
Higher ranges are found in newborns and infants
* MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration)
Normal Adult Range: 32 - 36 %
Optimal Adult Reading: 34
Higher ranges are found in newborns and infants
* R.B.C. (Red Blood Cell Count)
Normal Adult Female Range: 3.9 - 5.2 mill/mcl
Optimal Adult Female Reading: 4.55
Normal Adult Male Range: 4.2 - 5.6 mill/mcl
Optimal Adult Male Reading: 4.9
Lower ranges are found in Children, newborns and infants
* W.B.C. (White Blood Cell Count)
Normal Adult Range: 3.8 - 10.8 thous/mcl
Optimal Adult Reading: 7.3
Higher ranges are found in children, newborns and infants.
* PLATELET COUNT
Normal Adult Range: 130 - 400 thous/mcl
Optimal Adult Reading: 265
Higher ranges are found in children, newborns and infants
* NEUTROPHILS and NEUTROPHIL COUNT - this isthe main defender of the body against infection and antigens. High levels may indicate an active infection.
Normal Adult Range: 48 - 73 %
Optimal Adult Reading: 60.5
Normal Children’s Range: 30 - 60 %
Optimal Children’s Reading: 45
* LYMPHOCYTES and LYMPHOCYTE COUNT - Elevatedlevels may indicate active viral infections such asmeasles,rubella,chickenpox, or infectious mononucleosis.
Normal Adult Range: 18 - 48 %
Optimal Adult Reading: 33
Normal Children’s Range: 25 - 50 %
Optimal Children’s Reading: 37.5
* MONOCYTES and MONOCYTE COUNT - Elevated levels are seen in tissue breakdownor chronic infections, carcinomas,leukemia (monocytic) or lymphomas.
Normal Adult Range: 0 - 9 %
Optimal Adult Reading: 4.5
* EOSINOPHILS and EOSINOPHIL COUNT - Elevated levels may indicate an allergic reactions or parasites.
Normal Adult Range: 0 - 5 %
Optimal Adult Reading: 2.5
* BASOPHILS and BASOPHIL COUNT - Basophilicactivity is not fully understood but it is known to carry histamine, heparin and serotonin. High levels are found in allergic reactions.
Normal Adult Range: 0 - 2 %
Optimal Adult Reading: 1
Electrolyte Values:-
· SODIUM - Sodium is the most abundant cation in the blood and its chief base. It functions in the body to maintain osmotic pressure, acid-base balance and to transmit nerve impulses. Very Low value: seizure and Neurologic Sx.
Normal Adult Range: 135-146 mEq/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 140.5
· POTASSIUM - Potassium is the major intracellular cation. Very low value: Cardiac arythemia.
Normal Range: 3.5 - 5.5 mEq/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 4.5
CHLORIDE - Elevated levels are related to acidosis as wellas too much water crossing the cell membrane
Decreased levels with decreased serum albumin may indicate water deficiencycrossing thecell membrane (edema). - Diabetes
Normal Adult Range: 95-112 mEq/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 103 mEq/L
Discussion
Chloride contributes to the body’s acid/base balance. Along with Sodium, Potassium and Carbon Dioxide, it is important in evaluating acid/base relationships, state of hydration, adrenal and renal functions. Its level varies inversely with Carbon Dioxide. Chloride elevation indicates acidosis, decrease indicate alkalosis.
· CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) - The CO2 level is related tothe respiratory exchange of carbon dioxide in the lungs and is part of the bodies buffering system. Generally when used with the other electrolytes, it is a good indicator of acidosis and alkalinity.
Normal Adult Range: 22-32 mEq/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 27
Normal Children's Range - 20 - 28 mEq/L
Optimal Children's Reading: 24
· CALCIUM - involved in bone metabolism, protein absorption, fat transfer muscular contraction, transmission of nerve impulses, blood clotting and cardiac function. Regulated by parathyroid.
Normal Adult Range: 8.5-10.3 mEq/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 9.4
Discussion
Serum calcium is not at all reflective of total body stores of calcium but rather reflects the metabolic and hormonal state of the individual. Ionic or free calcium is not only the biologically active form of calcium but reflects the amount of albumin and the blood pH.
Serum calcium can not be properly interpreted without serum albumin level. Use the formula Adjusted Calcium = Serum calcium - serum albumin + 4. By far the most common causes of hypocalcaemia are primary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, and drug-induced. A PTH, calcium, albumin and phosphorus level drawn simultaneously helps classify the etiology into main groups. Watch for signs of calcium deposition and kidney stones
.
MAGNESIUM
Optimal Range: 2-3 mg/DL
Discussion
The serum magnesium is not reflective of total magnesium stores. Unfortunately there is not a good test for magnesium, but a red cell Mg level is preferable to serum magnesium. Approximately 2/3 to ¾ of magnesium in blood is not attached to protein.
· PHOSPHORUS - Generally inverse with Calcium.
Normal Adult Range: 2.5 - 4.5 mEq/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 3.5
Normal Children's Range: 3 - 6 mEq/dl
Optimal Children's Range: 4.5
· ANION GAP (Sodium + Potassium - CO2 + Chloride) - An increased measurement is associated with metabolic acidosis due to the overproduction of acids (a state of alkalinity is in effect). Decreased levels may indicate metabolic alkalosis due to the overproduction of alkaloids (a state of acidosis is in effect).
Normal Adult Range: 4 - 14 (calculated)
Optimal Adult Reading: 9
· CALCIUM / PHOSPHORUS Ratio
Normal Adult Range: 2.3 - 3.3 (calculated)
Optimal Adult Reading: 2.8
Normal Children’s range: 1.3 - 3.3 (calculated)
Optimal Children’s Reading: 2.3
· SODIUM / POTASSIUM
Normal Adult Range: 26 - 38 (calculated)
Optimal Adult Reading: 32
