1-
Evaluation of office-based intervention to improve prevention counseling for patients at risk for sexually acquired hepatitis Bnext term virus infectionstar, open, star, openstar, open, star, filled
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Harold S. Margolis MDaa, b, H.Hunter Handsfield MDprevious termbnext terma, b, R.Jake Jacobs MPAca, b, Joseph E. Gangida, b and for the previous termHepatitis Bnext term-WARE Study Group
a Atlanta, Georgia, Seattle, Washington, Alexandria, Virginia, and Rockville, Maryland
previous termb From the Hepatitisnext term Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,a the Seattle–King County Department of Public Health and Department of Medicine, University of Washington,previous termbnext term Capitol Outcomes Research, Inc,c and QSI Incorporated.d Members of the previous termHepatitis Bnext term-WARE Study Group are listed at the end of the article
Available online 4 November 2005.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of tools to identify and counsel patients at risk for sexually transmitted previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus infection. Physicians were randomly assigned to either an intervention group or a control group. The intervention group was provided with materials intended to encourage patients to return for counseling and to guide counseling concerning prevention of previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus infection. Baseline data on 457 patients at risk for previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus infection showed that 7% had received prevention counseling and 2% had begun previous termhepatitis Bnext term vaccination. Counseling was least likely to occur in obstetric-gynecologic practices, among uninsured patients, and among patients whose only risk factor was a diagnosis of a sexually transmitted disease. After a 6-month intervention period 26% of the intervention group patients and 7% of the control group patients had been counseled (P < .01). Vaccination was more likely among intervention group patients (8% vs <1%; P < .001). The use of tools to identify and counsel patients at risk for sexually transmitted previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus infection resulted in increased office-based prevention activities. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:1-6.)
Keywords: Health education; previous termhepatitis Bnext term vaccination; immunization; patient counseling; prevention; primary care
3-Practical dermatology
Immunization Against Viral Hepatitis:next term An Obligatory Recommendation in Consults for Sexually previous termTransmitted Diseasesnext term
Inmunización Contra la previous termHepatitisnext term Vírica: Una Recomendación Obligada en las Consultas por Enfermedades de Transmisión previous termSexualnext term
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I. García-DovalCorresponding Author Contact Information, a, E-mail The Corresponding Author
a Servicio de Dermatología, Complexo Hospitalario de Pontevedra, Pontevedra, Spain
Available online 31 January 2010.
Abstract
Numerous international institutions recommend vaccination against previous termhepatitis Bnext term for all non-immune patients that consult for a sexually previous termtransmitted disease.next term It is a simple and safe procedure, frequently forgotten in dermatological clinics. previous termHepatitis Bnext term vaccine is administered via intramuscular route in the deltoid in 3 doses (at months 0, 1 and 6). The vaccine against previous termhepatitisnext term A is indicated for non-immune homosexual men that have a sexually previous termtransmitted disease.next term There exists a combined vaccine A + previous termBnext term that facilitates the administration in these cases.
Resumen
Numerosos organismos internacionales recomiendan la vacunación contra la previous termhepatitis Bnext term en todos los pacientes no inmunes que consultan por una enfermedad de transmisión previous termsexual.next term Se trata de un procedimiento sencillo y seguro, frecuentemente olvidado en las consultas dermatológicas. Se administra por vía intramuscular en el deltoides, en tres dosis (meses 0, 1 y 6). La vacunación contra la previous termhepatitisnext term A está indicada en varones homosexuales no inmunes que padecen una enfermedad de transmisión previous termsexual.next term Existe una vacuna combinada A + previous termB,next term que facilita la administración en estos casos.
Key words: previous termhepatitis Bnext term; vaccination; previous termhepatitisnext term A; sexually previous termtransmitted diseasesnext term
Palabras clave: previous termhepatitis Bnext term; vacunación; previous termhepatitisnext term A; enfermedades de transmisión previous termsexualnext term
4-
Hepatitisnext term A and previous termBnext term immunization in persons being evaluated for sexually previous termtransmitted diseasesnext term
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H. Hunter Handsfield MDCorresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author
Center for AIDS and STD, University of Washington, and the Department of Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Available online 3 November 2005.
previous termSexualnext term transmission accounts for the majority of previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus (HBV) infections in industrialized countries. previous termHepatitisnext term A virus (HAV) can be previous termtransmittednext term by previous termsexualnext term practices that involve fecal-oral exposure. Both infections are disproportionately frequent in men who have sex with men (MSM). Routine immunization against HBV is recommended for MSM and for persons being evaluated or treated for sexually previous termtransmitted diseasesnext term (STDs), and HAV immunization is advised for MSM and for other persons at risk who are commonly seen in STD care settings, such as users of illegal drugs. However, numerous attitudinal and structural barriers interfere with routine immunization in persons at risk for previous termsexualnext term acquisition of HAV and HBV. Substantial success has been documented in vaccinating persons at risk in public STD clinics and other settings; however, at a national level, efforts to achieve desired immunization rates have largely failed. Until universal childhood immunization produces a largely immune adult population, the universal vaccination of adults—as a supplement to the current risk-based approaches—may be worthwhile to achieve immunization of persons at risk for previous termsexualnext term transmission of HBV.
5-Paper
Compliance with immunization against hepatitis B.next term A pragmatic study in sexually previous termtransmitted diseasenext term clinics
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Rafael Dal-Réa, Antonio Gonzáleza, Vega Ramirezb, Juan Ballesterosc, Jorge del Romerob and Francisco Brud
a Medical Department, SmithKline Beecham SA, C/Valle de la Fuenfría, 3,3°D, 28034, Madrid, Spain
previous termb Hepatitis Bnext term Vaccination Centre, Autonomous Community, Madrid, Spain
c Sandoval Sexually previous termTransmitted Diseasenext term Centre, Autonomous Community, Madrid, Spain
d Sexually previous termTransmitted Diseasenext term Clinic, Health Care Centre, Area One, City Council, Madrid, Spain
Received 26 January 1994;
revised 20 May 1994;
accepted 23 May 1994. ;
Available online 16 December 1999.
Abstract
The efficacy of a vaccine is based primarily on the adherence of the subject to the immunization schedule. This paper compares the compliance rates (CR) for the third dose of previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus (HBV) vaccine given according to one of two vaccination schedules among subjects attending two sexually previous termtransmitted diseasenext term (STD) clinics, and the potential influence of place of vaccine administration (STD clinic or at a vaccination centre). Heterosexual, anti-HBc seronegative subjects (n=331) were randomized to a 0-1-6 month (n=i61) or a 0-1-2-12 month schedule (n=170) in this prospective, randomized, parallel pragmatic study. Some subjects (n=50) attended and were vaccinated at one STD clinic (centre A), whereas 281 attended another clinic (centre previous termB)next term but were referred to a vaccination centre for administration of vaccine. About 31% (103/331) of the subjects received at least three vaccine doses. On assessing the CR at the 3rd dose in all randomized subjects, we observed that administration of the vaccine at the STD clinic attended (A) was associated with a significantly better CR (p<0.01) than that of the subjects referred to a vaccination centre (previous termB)next term, while the CR is not affected by the schedule. On the other hand, the 0-1-2-12 schedule was associated with a significantly better CR (p=0.02) at the 3rd dose than the 0-1-6 month schedule among subjects who comply with the first two doses; the actual site of vaccine administration (in situ (A) versus referred (previous termB)next term) does not affect the CR. On assessing the CR for the booster dose (month 12) in the 0-1-2-12 schedule, we observed that the CR is significantly better (p<0.001) if the vaccine is administered at the STD attending clinic (A) in all randomized subjects and among those who comply with the first three doses. We conclude that the CR could be increased by vaccinating all subjects at the STD clinic. Among those subjects who comply with the first two doses, the CR at the 3rd dose is better with the 0-1-2 schedule than with the 0-1-6 schedule. However, the need for administration of a booster dose (month 12) in the former schedule does not allow us to recommend this in preference to the latter.
Author Keywords: Compliance rate; previous termhepatitis Bnext term vaccine; vaccination schedules; pragmatic study; sexually previous termtransmitted diseasenext term clinics
6-Risk factors for hepatitisnext term C virus infection among nonintravenous-drug-using heterosexuals attending a clinic for sexually previous termtransmitted diseasenext term in Italy*1
Rosamaria Corona MD*, Corresponding Author Contact Information, Federico Caprilli MD†, Maria Elenatosti BSc‡, Giulio Gentili MD†, Elisabetta Franco MD§, Laura Zaratti BSc§, Guido Palamara MD†, Amalia Giglio MD†, Grazia Prignano BSc†, Tommaso Stroffolini MD‡, Paolo Pasquini MD‡, Maria Grazia Rastelli MD¶ and Alfonso Mele MD‡
* Servizio di Epidemiologia, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDIIRCCS), Università degli Studi Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
† Istituto Ospedaliero Dermosifilopatico di S.Maria e S.Gallicano, Università degli Studi Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
‡ Laboratorio di Epidemiologia e Biostatistica, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Università degli Studi Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
§ Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
¶ Azienda Sanitaria, Livorno, Italy
Received 10 March 1997;
accepted 10 June 1997. ;
Available online 3 February 2004.
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate prevalence of and risk factors for previous termhepatitisnext term C virus (HCV) infection and the role of genital ulcer previous termdiseasenext term in the previous termsexualnext term transmission of HCV among 1280 nonintravenous-drug-using heterosexuals attending a sexually previous termtransmitted diseasenext term clinic.
Methods: Serum samples were tested by a third-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Reactive sera were confirmed using a RIBA assay. The independent effect of different variables on the likelihood to be anti-HCV positive was assessed by multiple logistic regression analysis.
Results: The overall anti-HCV prevalence was 4.9%, a rate nearly ten times as high as the 0.5% recently found in a national sample of young male adults 18 to 26 years old. The prevalence was 9.6% in subjects with positive syphilis serology and 3.8% in those without a history of sexually previous termtransmitted disease.next term Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that age greater than 34 years (OR 2.9; 95% CI 1.1–7.6), low educational level (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.1–3.5), positive syphilis serology (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.04–4.1), and anti-HIV positivity (OR 4.6; 95% CI 1.2–18.7) were all independent predictors of HCV infection.
Conclusions: These findings are consistent with previous termsexualnext term transmission of HCV Syphilis infection may be a cofactor in HCV transmission or, alternatively, may be a strong indicator of high-risk previous termsexualnext term behavior.
Author Keywords: previous termhepatitisnext term C; heterosexuals; previous termsexualnext term transmission
References
1. R. Corona, G. Prignano, A. Mele et al., Heterosexual and homosexual transmission of previous termhepatitisnext term C virus: relation with previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus and immunodeficiency virus type 1. Epidemiol Infect 107 (1991), pp. 667–672. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (24)
2. K. Nakashima, S. Kashiwagi, J. Hayashi et al., previous termSexualnext term transmission of previous termhepatitisnext term C virus among female prostitutes and patients with sexually previous termtransmitted diseasesnext term in Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan. Am J Epidemiol 136 (1992), pp. 1132–1137. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (51)
3. D.L. Thomas, R.O. Cannon, C.N. Shapiro, E.W. Hook, M.J. Alter and T.C. Quin, previous termHepatitisnext term C, previous termhepatitis B,next term and human immunodeficiency virus infections among nonintravenous-drug-using patients attending clinics for sexually previous termtransmitted diseases.next term J Infect Dis 169 (1994), pp. 990–995. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (100)
4. R.S. Tedder, R.J.C. Gilson, M. Briggs et al., previous termHepatitisnext term C virus: evidence for previous termsexualnext term transmission. BMJ 302 (1991), pp. 1299–1302. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (74)
5. D.H. Osmond, E. Charlebois, H.W. Sheppard et al., Comparison of risk factors for previous termhepatitisnext term C and previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus infections in homosexual men. J Infect Dis 167 (1993), pp. 66–71. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (93)
6. Y. Akahane, M. Kojima, Y. Sugai et al., previous termHepatitisnext term C virus in spouses of patients with type C chronic liver previous termdisease.next term Ann Intern Med 120 (1994;), pp. 748–752. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (139)
7. M.E. Eyster, H.J. Alter, L.M. Aledort, S. Quan, A. Hatzakis and J. Goedert, Heterosexual co-transmission of previous termhepatitisnext term C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Ann Intern Med 115 (1991), pp. 764–768. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (200)
8. D. Bresters, E.P. Mauser-Bunschoten, H.W. Reesink et al., previous termSexualnext term transmission of previous termhepatitisnext term C virus. Lancet 342 (1993), pp. 210–211. Abstract | Article | PDF (327 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (132)
9. M.J. Alter, P.L. Coleman, W.J. Alexander et al., Importance of heterosexual activity in the transmission of previous termhepatitis Bnext term and non-A, non-previous termB hepatitis.next term JAMA 262 (1989), pp. 1201–1205. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (171)
10. A. Mele, L. Sagliocca, G. Manzillo et al., Risk factors for acute non-A, non-previous termB hepatitisnext term and their relationship to antibodies for previous termhepatitisnext term C virus: a case control study. Am J Public Health 84 (1994), pp. 1640–1643. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (36)
11. L.S. Rosenblum, S.C. Hadler, K.G. Castro, S. LiebBelle Glade Study Group and H.W. Jaffe, Heterosexual transmission of previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus in Belle Glade, Florida. J Infect Dis 161 (1990;), pp. 407–411. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (16)
12. R. Corona, F. Caprilli, A. Giglio et al., Risk factors for previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus infection among heterosexuals attending a sexually previous termtransmitted diseasenext term clinic in Italy: role of genital ulcerative previous termdiseases.next term J Med Virol 48 (1996), pp. 262–266. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (9)
13. (2nd Ed ed.),BMDP: Statistical Software Manual, University of California Press, Berkeley (1990), pp. 1047–1076.
14. R. D'Ameho, T. Stroffolini, P.M. Matricardi et al., Low prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies among Italian Air Force recruits. Scand J Infect Dis 27 (1995), pp. 12–14.
15. G.M. McQuillan, T.R. Townsend, H.A. Fields, M. Carrol, M. Leahy and B.E. Polk, Seroepidemiology of previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus infection in the United States. 1976 to 1980. Am J Med 87 (1989), pp. 5S–10S.
16. M.J. Alter, J. Ahtone, I. Weisfuse, K. Starko, T.D. Vacalis and J.E. Maynard, previous termHepatitis Bnext term virus transmission between heterosexuals. JAMA 256 (1986), pp. 1307–1310. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (31)
17. H.S. Weinstock, G. Bolan, A.R. Reingold and L.B. Polish, previous termHepatitisnext term C infection among patients attending a clinic for sexually previous termtransmitted diseases.next term JAMA 269 (1993), pp. 392–394. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (75)
18. D.L. Thomas, J.M. Zenilman, H.J. Alter et al., previous termSexualnext term transmission of previous termhepatitisnext term C virus among patients attending sexually previous termtransmitted diseasesnext term clinics in Baltimore: an analysis of 309 sex partnerships. J Infect Dis 171 (1995), pp. 768–775. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (192)
Corresponding Author Contact InformationCorresponding author. Address correspondence to Dr. Rosamaria Corona, Servizio di Epidemiologia, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI-IRCCS), Via Monti di Creta 104, 00167 , Rome, , Italy.
*1 Supported by the V-VI-VII ProjectAIDS (1992–1994) of the Italian Ministry of Health.
7-Short communication
Transmission of hepatitisnext term C virus among sexually previous termtransmitted diseasenext term high risk groups
Toshihiko IijimaCorresponding Author Contact Information, a, Kazuhiro Kanekoa, Kyouhei Komachiyaa, Masaji Nambua and Hiromitsu Kumadab
aDepartment of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, Japan
bDepartment of Gastroenterology, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
Received 19 April 1993;
accepted 22 June 1993.
Available online 21 October 2005.
Abstract
Recently, the modes of transmission of previous termhepatitisnext term C virus (HCV), other than by blood transfusion, have been discussed. We investigated the possibility of the previous termsexualnext term transmission of HCV among sexually previous termtransmitted diseasesnext term (STD) in high-risk groups. Anti-HCV was examined for 203 female prostitutes (group STD) and, as controls, 270 nurses (group N) and 628 pregnant women (group P). Anti-HCV positive rates for the STD group (3.9646) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the N group (0.74%) and the P group (0.95%). All of the six HCV-RNA-positive subjects in the STD group had high values of HCV-RNA over 104.5 copies/μd. Among the four previous termsexualnext term partners examined for HCV-RNA, three partners (75%) were HCV-RNA positive. The HCV genotype of the six subjects in the three couples all matched type 11. The results of the present study indicate that previous termsexualnext term contact is a possible route of HCV transmission, other than by blood transfusion.
8-
Hepatitis Bnext term and C infections, human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually previous termtransmittednext term infections among women of childbearing age in Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa
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Patrice Combe a, Guy La Ruche b, Dominique Bonard a, Timothée Ouassa a, Hortense Faye-Ketté d, Fatoumata Sylla-Koko a, François Dabis c, Corresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author and The DYSCER-CI Study Group
a Centre de Diagnostic et de Recherche sur le SIDA, PACCI, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
previous termbnext term National AIDS Control Programme, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
c Unité INSERM 330, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
d Institut Pasteur de Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
Received 8 January 2001;
Revised 4 April 2001;
accepted 9 May 2001.
Available online 16 March 2004.
Abstract
Few studies have been conducted in developing countries to estimate the prevalence of previous termhepatitisnext term C virus (HCV) infection and its association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually previous termtransmitted diseasesnext term (STDs). We have screened for previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus (HBV) and HCV markers 200 HIV-1-positive, 23 HIV-2-positive and 206 HIV-negative women attending gynaecology clinics in 1995/96 in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, a sample selected among 2198 consecutive consultants. Taking into account the prevalence of 21·7% for HIV in this population, the overall prevalence of anti-HBV core antibody was 81·6%, that for previous termhepatitis Bnext term surface antigen was 9·9% and for HCV antibody was 3·3%. HIV infection and other STDs were not associated with HBV or HCV markers. Moreover, HBV and HCV markers were not statistically associated. Our results confirm the high prevalence of HIV in Abidjan and the endemic situation of HBV infection. Furthermore, HCV infection is not infrequent in this developing country setting, not explained by previous termsexualnext term transmission.
Author Keywords: Author Keywords: previous termhepatitisnext term C virus; previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus; sexually previous termtransmitted diseasenext term; human immunodeficiency virus; women; Africa
Article Outline
9-
Predictors of positivity for hepatitis Bnext term and the derivation of a selective screening rule in a Canadian sexually previous termtransmitted diseasesnext term clinic1
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John Sellorsa, b, c, *, Mirza Zimic-Vinceticc, Michelle Howardc, James previous termB.next term Mahonyd and Max A. Cherneskyd
a Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont, Canada
previous termbnext term Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ont. L8S 4K1, Canada
c Father Sean O’Sullivan Research Centre, St. Joseph’s Hospital and St. Joseph’s Community Health Centre, Health Services Delivery Research Unit, 2757 King Street East, Hamilton, Ont. L8G 5E4, Canada
d Department of Pathology and Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Centre, 1200 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ont. L8N 3Z5, Canada
Received 18 October 1997;
revised 18 February 1998;
accepted 22 February 1998.
Available online 4 March 1999.
Abstract
Objective: To determine the prevalence of previous termhepatitis Bnext term surface antibody (anti-HBs) and antigenemia (HBsAg), the risk factors for seropositivity and the effectiveness of a selective serologic screening rule among sexually previous termtransmitted diseasesnext term (STD) clinic attendees. Study design: Clients in the Hamilton STD Clinic were surveyed from October 1992 to July 1993 on sociodemographic, past medical, and behavioural data, were tested for several STDs and were offered serological testing and vaccination against previous termhepatitis B.next term Predictors of seropositivity were determined by single variable analysis. A selective serologic screening rule was derived using logistic regression modelling. Results: The seroprevalence of anti-HBs was 6.8% (21/310) in the 310 of 385 clients (80.5%) who agreed to be tested and interviewed. There were no HBsAg carriers. Five independent risk factors were identified by logistic regression: (1) age greater than 35 years; (2) birth outside Canada and histories of; (3) syphilis; (4) gonorrhoea; or (5) injection drug use. If clients with at least one of these predictors had been tested, 34.5% would have been selected for serologic testing and 85.7% of all positives would have been detected. The screening rule was more effective for men than for women. Conclusion: In this low prevalence setting, selecting STD clinic clients based on the presence of any one of five risk predictors appears to be an effective strategy for previous termhepatitis Bnext term serologic screening in the context of a Canadian vaccination program.
Author Keywords: previous termHepatitis Bnext term; Serology; Selective screening; STD clinic
Index Terms: sexually previous termtransmitted disease; hepatitis b; hepatitis bnext term surface antigen
10-Original Article
Seroprevalence of Viral Hepatitisnext term and Sexually previous termTransmitted Diseasenext term Among Adults with Recently Diagnosed HIV Infection in Southern Taiwan, 2000–2005: Upsurge in previous termHepatitisnext term C Virus Infections Among Injection Drug Users
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Hsin-Chun Leea, b, Nai-Ying Koc, Nan-Yao Leeb, Chia-Ming Changb and Wen-Chien Koa, b, Corresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author
aDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
bDepartment of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
cDepartment of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
Received 15 November 2007;
revised 22 January 2008;
accepted 12 February 2008.
Available online 1 October 2008.
Background/Purpose
The purpose of this study was to compare the seroprevalence of viral previous termhepatitisnext term and sexually previous termtransmitted diseasenext term (STD) co-infections among three populations at risk recently diagnosed with HIV infection.
Methods
A retrospective review of medical records was performed to determine the prevalence of several co-infections among adults recently diagnosed with HIV infection between 2000 and 2005 at National Cheng Kung University Hospital in Tainan, Taiwan.
Results
Among a total of 484 adults, 124 (25.6%) were men having sex with men (MSM), 105 (21.7%) were heterosexual adults, and 255 (52.7%) were injection drug users (IDUs). The case number of adults with recently diagnosed HIV infection increased annually, from 27 in 2000 to 142 in 2005 (p < 0.001). This trend appeared to be attributable to the upsurge in HIV infection among IDUs beginning in 2003. At the time of HIV diagnosis, mean CD4+ counts were significantly higher and plasma HIV-1 RNA loads were lower in the IDU group than the MSM or heterosexual groups. The previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus (HBV) carrier rate was similar in all three groups, with an average rate of 16.5%. The prevalence of treponemal antibody and Entamoeba histolytica indirect hemagglutination antibody was higher in MSM (37.5% and 9.4%, respectively) than in heterosexuals (19.6% and 7.3%, respectively) or IDUs (3.2% and 2.1%). The seroprevalence of previous termhepatitisnext term A virus infection increased with age, with 94.2% (97/103) of patients who were older than 40 years. previous termHepatitisnext term C virus (HCV) or HBV-HCV co-infections were noted more often in IDUs (97.9% and 16.9%, respectively) than in heterosexuals (10.9% and 2.2%, respectively) and MSM (5.3% and 3.6%, respectively).
Conclusion
There was a recent upsurge in HIV-HCV co-infected IDUs in southern Taiwan. A higher rate of co-infection with STDs among HIV-infected MSM highlights the need for integrated STD control efforts in current HIV prevention programs.
Key Words: human immunodeficiency virus; sexually previous termtransmitted diseasesnext term; transmission routes; viral previous termhepatitisnext term
11-A case of sexually transmittednext term acute previous termhepatitisnext term C: confirmation by analysis of viral genome
Fumihiko Kominea, Corresponding Author Contact Information, Toshikazu Yamaguchia, Mitsuhiko Moriyamaa, Takashi Segawaa, Hiroshi Matsumuraa, Kazuhiko Nakaia, Toshihiro Shimizua, Nakanobu Hayashia, Yasuyuki Arakawaa, Toshikazu Uchidab, Katsunori Takeuchic and Masahide Miyagawac
a Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchikami-machi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173, Japan
previous termbnext term First Department of Pathology, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
c Department of Internal Medicine, Yokohama Central Social Insurance Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
Received 8 June 1998;
revised 13 October 1998;
accepted 30 October 1998.
Available online 1 March 1999.
Abstract
We report a case of acute previous termhepatitisnext term C that appears to have been sexually previous termtransmitted.next term The patient was a 21-year-old female with no history of blood transfusion and no personal or family history related to hepatic decease. The patient first had previous termsexualnext term intercourse with her male partner in November 1994 and she visited our hospital with a chief complaint of general weakness in March 1995. She was admitted because of abnormal liver function test results (ALT 329; AST 152 IU l−1). She was negative for serum second-generation anti-previous termhepatitisnext term C virus (HCV) antibody, anti-previous termhepatitisnext term A IgM antibody, anti-previous termhepatitis Bnext term core IgM antibody, anti-Epstein–Barr virus IgM antibody, anti-nuclear antibody, anti-DNA antibody and anti-mitochondrial antibody at admission. A serum HCV RNA test gave a positive result on the 7th day after admission; her HCV RNA level was 103.5 copies 50 μl−1 serum on the 21st day. Her anti-HCV antibody status became positive on the 30th day after admission. A liver needle biopsy specimen taken on the 35th day showed well-preserved lobular architecture and mild necroinflammation within the parenchyma without accompanying fibrosis. Abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography did not show significant change in the liver or spleen. Taking the above findings together a diagnosis of acute previous termhepatitisnext term C was maden. Treatment by interferon-β succeeded in eradicating the HCV and the patient was free of HCV RNA 1 year later. The patients partner had untreated chronic previous termhepatitisnext term C. The HCVs isolated from the patient and her partner both had the 2b genotype and single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis revealed three virtually identical bands. The nucleotide sequences (E1-E2/NS1 region) of the two HCVs showed 98% homology. These genetic findings suggest that the previous termsexualnext term transmission of HCV occurred in this case.
Author Keywords: Acute previous termhepatitis; Hepatitisnext term C virus (HCV); Sexually previous termtransmitted diseasenext term; Interferon-β
Article Outline
12-
Prisoners' attitudes toward Hepatitis Bnext term vaccination
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Snigdha Vallabhaneni BAa, Grace E. Macalino Ph.D.a, Steven E. Reinert MSb, Beth Schwartzapfel BAc, Francis A. Wolf BAc and Josiah D. Rich MD, MPHCorresponding Author Contact Information, a, c, Corresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author
a Brown University School of Medicine, RI 02912, USA
previous termbnext term Lifespan Department of Medical Computing, RI 02903, USA
c The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI 02906, USA
Available online 21 February 2004.
Abstract
Background. previous termHepatitis Bnext term continues to be a substantial problem in the United States despite the existence of a safe and effective vaccine. Vaccination programs for inmates could reach many high-risk individuals but little is known about U.S. inmates' willingness to accept previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus (HBV) vaccination while incarcerated. The goal of this study was to assess inmates' knowledge about previous termhepatitis Bnext term and their willingness to accept previous termhepatitis Bnext term vaccination while incarcerated.
Methods. We interviewed 153 male and female inmates at the Rhode Island Department of Corrections (RIDOC) using a voluntary, anonymous survey.
Results. Ninety-three percent of inmates said they would agree to receive the previous termhepatitis Bnext term vaccine while incarcerated. More than half of the 30% who reported having risk factors for previous termhepatitis Bnext term did not consider themselves to be at risk for previous termhepatitis Bnext term and almost half (44%) of all inmates were not aware that previous termhepatitis Bnext term can be previous termtransmittednext term through unprotected sex.
Conclusion. previous termHepatitis Bnext term vaccination programs in correctional settings are a public health priority and would be well received by the target population. Such programs would help protect the health of incarcerated persons and the communities to which they return.
Author Keywords: previous termHepatitis Bnext term vaccination; Vaccine acceptance; Prisoners; Injection; Injection drug use; previous termSexualnext term risk; Sexually previous termtransmitted diseasenext term
13-
Sexually transmitted diseasesnext term in homosexual adolescents
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Jonathan Zenilman M.D.Corresponding Author Contact Information
From the Centers for previous termDiseasenext term Control, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Accepted 20 October 1987.
Available online 28 April 2005.
Abstract
In 1986, an estimated 13 million cases of sexually previous termtransmitted diseasesnext term (STDs) were diagnozed in the United States, with the highest incidence rates within the adolescent age group. Homosexual adolescent men are at particularly high risk for STDs. Because of the myriad clinical of STD in gay men, these previous termdiseasesnext term are often not recognised as sexually previous termtransmitted.next term In this paper, the epidemiology and clinical features of STDs in gay adolescents are discussed. The previous termsexualnext term history is emphasized as an integral tool in developing a differential diagnosis. A priori, the previous termsexualnext term history also can give a risk-assessment profile for STD. Clinical aspects of STD are reviewed using a syndrome approach, and the diagnostic workup is outlined for the etiologic agents most likely implicated in each syndrome. Clinical signs and symptoms of urethritis, genital ulcers and papular lesions, pharyngitis, and previous termhepatitisnext term are reviewed. Sexually acquired gastrointestinal disorders are described. As the AIDS epidemic continues, previous termdiseasenext term prevention, risk reduction, and patient education are becoming more important. Current recommendations for “safer sex” practices are reviewed.
Author Keywords: Sexually previous termtransmitted diseasesnext term; Homosexuality; Prevention; Syphilis; Gonorrhea; Chlamydia; Herpes; Enteric syndrome; previous termHepatitisnext term; Human papillomavirus
Article Outline
14-
Associations between forced sex, sexualnext term and protective practices, and sexually previous termtransmitted diseasesnext term among a national sample of adolescent girls
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Dawn M. Upchurch PhDCorresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author, a and Yasamin Kusunoki MPHa
[Author vitae]
a UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
Received 10 September 2003;
Revised 13 January 2004;
accepted 9 March 2004.
Available online 9 June 2004.
Abstract
Objective
The main objective of this study is to better understand the associations between forced sex history and history of sexually previous termtransmitted diseasenext term (STD) infection. Three research questions are investigated. Is history of forced sex associated with risk-taking behaviors? Are these risk-taking behaviors associated with history of STD? Is history of forced sex independently associated with history of STD?
Methods
Information on the previous termsexualnext term and STD histories is obtained from 3,579 sexually active adolescent girls using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Weighted logistic and OLS regressions are employed, using techniques that account for the complex sampling design.
Results
Girls with a history of forced sex are significantly more likely to have a greater number of previous termsexualnext term partners, be younger at first sex, and be more likely to use alcohol or drugs at last sex; there is no difference in condom use at last sex. These factors, in turn, are significantly associated with a positive STD history. Condom use at last sex is negatively associated with ever having had an STD. When all five previous termsexualnext term and protective practices are investigated simultaneously, history of forced sex remains significantly associated with STD history (odds ratio [OR] = 1.39, p = .014); number of previous termsexualnext term partners and early onset of sex remain significant. Condom use and substance use at last sex reduce to marginal significance.
Conclusions
These results suggest that a history of forced sex is independently associated with a history of STD among sexually active adolescent girls. Programmatic strategies aimed at reducing STDs through encouraging responsible previous termsexualnext term behavior would potentially benefit from also including a component that addresses previous termsexualnext term victimization.
Author Keywords: Forced sex; Sexually previous termtransmitted diseasenext term (STD), previous termSexualnext term behavior; Condom use; Number of previous termsexualnext term partners; Early onset of sex; Substance use; Adolescent females
15-Features
Sexualnext term Transmission of previous termHepatitisnext term C and Early Intervention
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Shona Fletcher RN, BSNa, Registered nurse
aIan Charleson Centre at Royal Free Hospital in London
Available online 10 September 2005.
The major risk factors for the transmission of previous termhepatitisnext term C virus (HCV) have been sharing needles for intravenous drug use (IDU) and receiving blood and blood products; however, recent findings suggest that HCV is being increasingly sexually previous termtransmitted,next term particularly among HIV-positive men who engage in high-risk, unprotected previous termsexualnext term behaviors with other men. Sixteen HIV-positive patients were diagnosed with sexually acquired HCV infection at a leading London HIV outpatient treatment center during 2002. All 16 patients were homosexual males with no history of IDU who had been involved in high-risk, unprotected previous termsexualnext term behaviors, which included active and passive anal intercourse, fisting, rimming, and oral sex. Six patients (37.5%) in the cohort spontaneously cleared HCV infection and consequently tested negative for HCV RNA. The remaining 10 patients were all started on HCV treatment, which consisted of pegylated interferon alpha-2b in combination with ribavirin. Three patients (43%) have achieved a significant reduction in HCV RNA after 12 to 24 weeks of HCV treatment. The earlier HCV seroconversion is detected and treated, the better the chance of achieving viral eradication.
Key words: HIV; previous termhepatitisnext term C virus (HCV); coinfection; previous termsexualnext term transmission; combination therapy
16-
Hepatitis B:next term transmission by previous termsexualnext term contact and needle sharing
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P. Piot, C. Goilav and E. Kegels
Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, previous termBnext term-2500, Antwerp, Belgium
Available online 13 November 2002.
Abstract
In the Western world most cases of previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus (HBV) infection are acquired through previous termsexualnext term intercourse and through needle sharing by intravenous drug users (IVDU). The major risk factors for HBV infection in homosexual men include the number of sex partners and receptive and intercourse. In heterosexuals, this risk also rises with an increasing number of sex partners. IVDU consistently show the highest HBV infection rates in Europe and North America, presently accounting for 25 to 50% of all previous termhepatitis Bnext term cases. Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus affects the course of HBV infection as well as the immunological response to previous termhepatitis Bnext term vaccines. Thus, in the industrialized world, interventions against HBV infection should primarily be targeted to homosexual men, heterosexuals with multiple partners, and IVDU.
Author Keywords: previous termHepatitis Bnext term; homosexuals; heterosexuals; intravenous drug users; previous termsexualnext term contact
17-Original Articles
Are There Risk Factors for Hepatitis Bnext term Infection in Inner-City Adolescents That Justify Prevaccination Screening?
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Elizabeth M. Alderman M.D.A, *, Alan Shapiro M.D.B, Ilya Spigland M.D.C, Susan M. Coupey M.D.A, Mohammed Bashir M.V.M.C and Amy S. Fox M.D.C
A Division of Adolescent Medicine (E.M.A., S.M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
previous termBnext term Division of Community Pediatrics (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
C Division of Virology, Department of Pathology (I.S., M.B., A.S.F.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.
Accepted 30 June 1997.
Available online 22 July 1998.
Abstract
Purpose: This study was undertaken to determine if homelessness could serve as a marker for previous previous termhepatitis Bnext term infection (HBI), and thus justify prevaccination screening.
Methods: One hundred sexually active 13–21-year-olds (mean = 17 years), 74% female, attending an inner-city hospital-based adolescent clinic (HOSP), and 48 sexually active 13–21-year-olds (mean = 19 years), 40% female, attending a clinic based at an urban drop-in center (UDC) for street youth were consecutively enrolled, screened for HBI serum markers and administered a structured interview about previous termsexualnext term practices, previous termsexualnext term abuse, prior sexually previous termtransmitted diseasesnext term (STDs), and injection drug use.
Results: For the HOSP group, 7% were homeless and 4% were HBI positive. In the UDC group, 96% were homeless and 23% were HBI positive. Homelessness was significantly associated with HBI (p < 0.001), and this was corroborated by logistic regression analysis (p < 0.01). Other factors significantly associated with HBI in adolescents included a history of anal sex (p ≤ 0.002), anal-receptive sex (p ≤ 0.01), genital Chlamydia (p ≤ 0.03), prostitution (p ≤ 0.03), and previous termsexualnext term abuse (p ≤ 0.002). For both populations, gender, previous termsexualnext term orientation, intravenous drug use, and genital sex were not related to HBI.
Conclusion: These data indicate that homelessness and associated high-risk previous termsexualnext term practices may be indications for prevaccination screening for HBI in adolescents.
Author Keywords: Adolescents; Homelessness; previous termSexualnext term abuse; previous termHepatitis Bnext term vaccination; Prevaccination screening; Chlamydia; previous termSexualnext term behaviors
Evaluation of office-based intervention to improve prevention counseling for patients at risk for sexually acquired hepatitis Bnext term virus infectionstar, open, star, openstar, open, star, filled
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Harold S. Margolis MDaa, b, H.Hunter Handsfield MDprevious termbnext terma, b, R.Jake Jacobs MPAca, b, Joseph E. Gangida, b and for the previous termHepatitis Bnext term-WARE Study Group
a Atlanta, Georgia, Seattle, Washington, Alexandria, Virginia, and Rockville, Maryland
previous termb From the Hepatitisnext term Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,a the Seattle–King County Department of Public Health and Department of Medicine, University of Washington,previous termbnext term Capitol Outcomes Research, Inc,c and QSI Incorporated.d Members of the previous termHepatitis Bnext term-WARE Study Group are listed at the end of the article
Available online 4 November 2005.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of tools to identify and counsel patients at risk for sexually transmitted previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus infection. Physicians were randomly assigned to either an intervention group or a control group. The intervention group was provided with materials intended to encourage patients to return for counseling and to guide counseling concerning prevention of previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus infection. Baseline data on 457 patients at risk for previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus infection showed that 7% had received prevention counseling and 2% had begun previous termhepatitis Bnext term vaccination. Counseling was least likely to occur in obstetric-gynecologic practices, among uninsured patients, and among patients whose only risk factor was a diagnosis of a sexually transmitted disease. After a 6-month intervention period 26% of the intervention group patients and 7% of the control group patients had been counseled (P < .01). Vaccination was more likely among intervention group patients (8% vs <1%; P < .001). The use of tools to identify and counsel patients at risk for sexually transmitted previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus infection resulted in increased office-based prevention activities. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:1-6.)
Keywords: Health education; previous termhepatitis Bnext term vaccination; immunization; patient counseling; prevention; primary care
3-Practical dermatology
Immunization Against Viral Hepatitis:next term An Obligatory Recommendation in Consults for Sexually previous termTransmitted Diseasesnext term
Inmunización Contra la previous termHepatitisnext term Vírica: Una Recomendación Obligada en las Consultas por Enfermedades de Transmisión previous termSexualnext term
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I. García-DovalCorresponding Author Contact Information, a, E-mail The Corresponding Author
a Servicio de Dermatología, Complexo Hospitalario de Pontevedra, Pontevedra, Spain
Available online 31 January 2010.
Abstract
Numerous international institutions recommend vaccination against previous termhepatitis Bnext term for all non-immune patients that consult for a sexually previous termtransmitted disease.next term It is a simple and safe procedure, frequently forgotten in dermatological clinics. previous termHepatitis Bnext term vaccine is administered via intramuscular route in the deltoid in 3 doses (at months 0, 1 and 6). The vaccine against previous termhepatitisnext term A is indicated for non-immune homosexual men that have a sexually previous termtransmitted disease.next term There exists a combined vaccine A + previous termBnext term that facilitates the administration in these cases.
Resumen
Numerosos organismos internacionales recomiendan la vacunación contra la previous termhepatitis Bnext term en todos los pacientes no inmunes que consultan por una enfermedad de transmisión previous termsexual.next term Se trata de un procedimiento sencillo y seguro, frecuentemente olvidado en las consultas dermatológicas. Se administra por vía intramuscular en el deltoides, en tres dosis (meses 0, 1 y 6). La vacunación contra la previous termhepatitisnext term A está indicada en varones homosexuales no inmunes que padecen una enfermedad de transmisión previous termsexual.next term Existe una vacuna combinada A + previous termB,next term que facilita la administración en estos casos.
Key words: previous termhepatitis Bnext term; vaccination; previous termhepatitisnext term A; sexually previous termtransmitted diseasesnext term
Palabras clave: previous termhepatitis Bnext term; vacunación; previous termhepatitisnext term A; enfermedades de transmisión previous termsexualnext term
4-
Hepatitisnext term A and previous termBnext term immunization in persons being evaluated for sexually previous termtransmitted diseasesnext term
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H. Hunter Handsfield MDCorresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author
Center for AIDS and STD, University of Washington, and the Department of Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Available online 3 November 2005.
previous termSexualnext term transmission accounts for the majority of previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus (HBV) infections in industrialized countries. previous termHepatitisnext term A virus (HAV) can be previous termtransmittednext term by previous termsexualnext term practices that involve fecal-oral exposure. Both infections are disproportionately frequent in men who have sex with men (MSM). Routine immunization against HBV is recommended for MSM and for persons being evaluated or treated for sexually previous termtransmitted diseasesnext term (STDs), and HAV immunization is advised for MSM and for other persons at risk who are commonly seen in STD care settings, such as users of illegal drugs. However, numerous attitudinal and structural barriers interfere with routine immunization in persons at risk for previous termsexualnext term acquisition of HAV and HBV. Substantial success has been documented in vaccinating persons at risk in public STD clinics and other settings; however, at a national level, efforts to achieve desired immunization rates have largely failed. Until universal childhood immunization produces a largely immune adult population, the universal vaccination of adults—as a supplement to the current risk-based approaches—may be worthwhile to achieve immunization of persons at risk for previous termsexualnext term transmission of HBV.
5-Paper
Compliance with immunization against hepatitis B.next term A pragmatic study in sexually previous termtransmitted diseasenext term clinics
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Rafael Dal-Réa, Antonio Gonzáleza, Vega Ramirezb, Juan Ballesterosc, Jorge del Romerob and Francisco Brud
a Medical Department, SmithKline Beecham SA, C/Valle de la Fuenfría, 3,3°D, 28034, Madrid, Spain
previous termb Hepatitis Bnext term Vaccination Centre, Autonomous Community, Madrid, Spain
c Sandoval Sexually previous termTransmitted Diseasenext term Centre, Autonomous Community, Madrid, Spain
d Sexually previous termTransmitted Diseasenext term Clinic, Health Care Centre, Area One, City Council, Madrid, Spain
Received 26 January 1994;
revised 20 May 1994;
accepted 23 May 1994. ;
Available online 16 December 1999.
Abstract
The efficacy of a vaccine is based primarily on the adherence of the subject to the immunization schedule. This paper compares the compliance rates (CR) for the third dose of previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus (HBV) vaccine given according to one of two vaccination schedules among subjects attending two sexually previous termtransmitted diseasenext term (STD) clinics, and the potential influence of place of vaccine administration (STD clinic or at a vaccination centre). Heterosexual, anti-HBc seronegative subjects (n=331) were randomized to a 0-1-6 month (n=i61) or a 0-1-2-12 month schedule (n=170) in this prospective, randomized, parallel pragmatic study. Some subjects (n=50) attended and were vaccinated at one STD clinic (centre A), whereas 281 attended another clinic (centre previous termB)next term but were referred to a vaccination centre for administration of vaccine. About 31% (103/331) of the subjects received at least three vaccine doses. On assessing the CR at the 3rd dose in all randomized subjects, we observed that administration of the vaccine at the STD clinic attended (A) was associated with a significantly better CR (p<0.01) than that of the subjects referred to a vaccination centre (previous termB)next term, while the CR is not affected by the schedule. On the other hand, the 0-1-2-12 schedule was associated with a significantly better CR (p=0.02) at the 3rd dose than the 0-1-6 month schedule among subjects who comply with the first two doses; the actual site of vaccine administration (in situ (A) versus referred (previous termB)next term) does not affect the CR. On assessing the CR for the booster dose (month 12) in the 0-1-2-12 schedule, we observed that the CR is significantly better (p<0.001) if the vaccine is administered at the STD attending clinic (A) in all randomized subjects and among those who comply with the first three doses. We conclude that the CR could be increased by vaccinating all subjects at the STD clinic. Among those subjects who comply with the first two doses, the CR at the 3rd dose is better with the 0-1-2 schedule than with the 0-1-6 schedule. However, the need for administration of a booster dose (month 12) in the former schedule does not allow us to recommend this in preference to the latter.
Author Keywords: Compliance rate; previous termhepatitis Bnext term vaccine; vaccination schedules; pragmatic study; sexually previous termtransmitted diseasenext term clinics
6-Risk factors for hepatitisnext term C virus infection among nonintravenous-drug-using heterosexuals attending a clinic for sexually previous termtransmitted diseasenext term in Italy*1
Rosamaria Corona MD*, Corresponding Author Contact Information, Federico Caprilli MD†, Maria Elenatosti BSc‡, Giulio Gentili MD†, Elisabetta Franco MD§, Laura Zaratti BSc§, Guido Palamara MD†, Amalia Giglio MD†, Grazia Prignano BSc†, Tommaso Stroffolini MD‡, Paolo Pasquini MD‡, Maria Grazia Rastelli MD¶ and Alfonso Mele MD‡
* Servizio di Epidemiologia, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDIIRCCS), Università degli Studi Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
† Istituto Ospedaliero Dermosifilopatico di S.Maria e S.Gallicano, Università degli Studi Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
‡ Laboratorio di Epidemiologia e Biostatistica, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Università degli Studi Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
§ Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
¶ Azienda Sanitaria, Livorno, Italy
Received 10 March 1997;
accepted 10 June 1997. ;
Available online 3 February 2004.
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate prevalence of and risk factors for previous termhepatitisnext term C virus (HCV) infection and the role of genital ulcer previous termdiseasenext term in the previous termsexualnext term transmission of HCV among 1280 nonintravenous-drug-using heterosexuals attending a sexually previous termtransmitted diseasenext term clinic.
Methods: Serum samples were tested by a third-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Reactive sera were confirmed using a RIBA assay. The independent effect of different variables on the likelihood to be anti-HCV positive was assessed by multiple logistic regression analysis.
Results: The overall anti-HCV prevalence was 4.9%, a rate nearly ten times as high as the 0.5% recently found in a national sample of young male adults 18 to 26 years old. The prevalence was 9.6% in subjects with positive syphilis serology and 3.8% in those without a history of sexually previous termtransmitted disease.next term Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that age greater than 34 years (OR 2.9; 95% CI 1.1–7.6), low educational level (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.1–3.5), positive syphilis serology (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.04–4.1), and anti-HIV positivity (OR 4.6; 95% CI 1.2–18.7) were all independent predictors of HCV infection.
Conclusions: These findings are consistent with previous termsexualnext term transmission of HCV Syphilis infection may be a cofactor in HCV transmission or, alternatively, may be a strong indicator of high-risk previous termsexualnext term behavior.
Author Keywords: previous termhepatitisnext term C; heterosexuals; previous termsexualnext term transmission
References
1. R. Corona, G. Prignano, A. Mele et al., Heterosexual and homosexual transmission of previous termhepatitisnext term C virus: relation with previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus and immunodeficiency virus type 1. Epidemiol Infect 107 (1991), pp. 667–672. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (24)
2. K. Nakashima, S. Kashiwagi, J. Hayashi et al., previous termSexualnext term transmission of previous termhepatitisnext term C virus among female prostitutes and patients with sexually previous termtransmitted diseasesnext term in Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan. Am J Epidemiol 136 (1992), pp. 1132–1137. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (51)
3. D.L. Thomas, R.O. Cannon, C.N. Shapiro, E.W. Hook, M.J. Alter and T.C. Quin, previous termHepatitisnext term C, previous termhepatitis B,next term and human immunodeficiency virus infections among nonintravenous-drug-using patients attending clinics for sexually previous termtransmitted diseases.next term J Infect Dis 169 (1994), pp. 990–995. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (100)
4. R.S. Tedder, R.J.C. Gilson, M. Briggs et al., previous termHepatitisnext term C virus: evidence for previous termsexualnext term transmission. BMJ 302 (1991), pp. 1299–1302. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (74)
5. D.H. Osmond, E. Charlebois, H.W. Sheppard et al., Comparison of risk factors for previous termhepatitisnext term C and previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus infections in homosexual men. J Infect Dis 167 (1993), pp. 66–71. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (93)
6. Y. Akahane, M. Kojima, Y. Sugai et al., previous termHepatitisnext term C virus in spouses of patients with type C chronic liver previous termdisease.next term Ann Intern Med 120 (1994;), pp. 748–752. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (139)
7. M.E. Eyster, H.J. Alter, L.M. Aledort, S. Quan, A. Hatzakis and J. Goedert, Heterosexual co-transmission of previous termhepatitisnext term C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Ann Intern Med 115 (1991), pp. 764–768. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (200)
8. D. Bresters, E.P. Mauser-Bunschoten, H.W. Reesink et al., previous termSexualnext term transmission of previous termhepatitisnext term C virus. Lancet 342 (1993), pp. 210–211. Abstract | Article | PDF (327 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (132)
9. M.J. Alter, P.L. Coleman, W.J. Alexander et al., Importance of heterosexual activity in the transmission of previous termhepatitis Bnext term and non-A, non-previous termB hepatitis.next term JAMA 262 (1989), pp. 1201–1205. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (171)
10. A. Mele, L. Sagliocca, G. Manzillo et al., Risk factors for acute non-A, non-previous termB hepatitisnext term and their relationship to antibodies for previous termhepatitisnext term C virus: a case control study. Am J Public Health 84 (1994), pp. 1640–1643. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (36)
11. L.S. Rosenblum, S.C. Hadler, K.G. Castro, S. LiebBelle Glade Study Group and H.W. Jaffe, Heterosexual transmission of previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus in Belle Glade, Florida. J Infect Dis 161 (1990;), pp. 407–411. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (16)
12. R. Corona, F. Caprilli, A. Giglio et al., Risk factors for previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus infection among heterosexuals attending a sexually previous termtransmitted diseasenext term clinic in Italy: role of genital ulcerative previous termdiseases.next term J Med Virol 48 (1996), pp. 262–266. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (9)
13. (2nd Ed ed.),BMDP: Statistical Software Manual, University of California Press, Berkeley (1990), pp. 1047–1076.
14. R. D'Ameho, T. Stroffolini, P.M. Matricardi et al., Low prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies among Italian Air Force recruits. Scand J Infect Dis 27 (1995), pp. 12–14.
15. G.M. McQuillan, T.R. Townsend, H.A. Fields, M. Carrol, M. Leahy and B.E. Polk, Seroepidemiology of previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus infection in the United States. 1976 to 1980. Am J Med 87 (1989), pp. 5S–10S.
16. M.J. Alter, J. Ahtone, I. Weisfuse, K. Starko, T.D. Vacalis and J.E. Maynard, previous termHepatitis Bnext term virus transmission between heterosexuals. JAMA 256 (1986), pp. 1307–1310. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (31)
17. H.S. Weinstock, G. Bolan, A.R. Reingold and L.B. Polish, previous termHepatitisnext term C infection among patients attending a clinic for sexually previous termtransmitted diseases.next term JAMA 269 (1993), pp. 392–394. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (75)
18. D.L. Thomas, J.M. Zenilman, H.J. Alter et al., previous termSexualnext term transmission of previous termhepatitisnext term C virus among patients attending sexually previous termtransmitted diseasesnext term clinics in Baltimore: an analysis of 309 sex partnerships. J Infect Dis 171 (1995), pp. 768–775. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (192)
Corresponding Author Contact InformationCorresponding author. Address correspondence to Dr. Rosamaria Corona, Servizio di Epidemiologia, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI-IRCCS), Via Monti di Creta 104, 00167 , Rome, , Italy.
*1 Supported by the V-VI-VII ProjectAIDS (1992–1994) of the Italian Ministry of Health.
7-Short communication
Transmission of hepatitisnext term C virus among sexually previous termtransmitted diseasenext term high risk groups
Toshihiko IijimaCorresponding Author Contact Information, a, Kazuhiro Kanekoa, Kyouhei Komachiyaa, Masaji Nambua and Hiromitsu Kumadab
aDepartment of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, Japan
bDepartment of Gastroenterology, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
Received 19 April 1993;
accepted 22 June 1993.
Available online 21 October 2005.
Abstract
Recently, the modes of transmission of previous termhepatitisnext term C virus (HCV), other than by blood transfusion, have been discussed. We investigated the possibility of the previous termsexualnext term transmission of HCV among sexually previous termtransmitted diseasesnext term (STD) in high-risk groups. Anti-HCV was examined for 203 female prostitutes (group STD) and, as controls, 270 nurses (group N) and 628 pregnant women (group P). Anti-HCV positive rates for the STD group (3.9646) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the N group (0.74%) and the P group (0.95%). All of the six HCV-RNA-positive subjects in the STD group had high values of HCV-RNA over 104.5 copies/μd. Among the four previous termsexualnext term partners examined for HCV-RNA, three partners (75%) were HCV-RNA positive. The HCV genotype of the six subjects in the three couples all matched type 11. The results of the present study indicate that previous termsexualnext term contact is a possible route of HCV transmission, other than by blood transfusion.
8-
Hepatitis Bnext term and C infections, human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually previous termtransmittednext term infections among women of childbearing age in Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa
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Patrice Combe a, Guy La Ruche b, Dominique Bonard a, Timothée Ouassa a, Hortense Faye-Ketté d, Fatoumata Sylla-Koko a, François Dabis c, Corresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author and The DYSCER-CI Study Group
a Centre de Diagnostic et de Recherche sur le SIDA, PACCI, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
previous termbnext term National AIDS Control Programme, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
c Unité INSERM 330, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
d Institut Pasteur de Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
Received 8 January 2001;
Revised 4 April 2001;
accepted 9 May 2001.
Available online 16 March 2004.
Abstract
Few studies have been conducted in developing countries to estimate the prevalence of previous termhepatitisnext term C virus (HCV) infection and its association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually previous termtransmitted diseasesnext term (STDs). We have screened for previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus (HBV) and HCV markers 200 HIV-1-positive, 23 HIV-2-positive and 206 HIV-negative women attending gynaecology clinics in 1995/96 in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, a sample selected among 2198 consecutive consultants. Taking into account the prevalence of 21·7% for HIV in this population, the overall prevalence of anti-HBV core antibody was 81·6%, that for previous termhepatitis Bnext term surface antigen was 9·9% and for HCV antibody was 3·3%. HIV infection and other STDs were not associated with HBV or HCV markers. Moreover, HBV and HCV markers were not statistically associated. Our results confirm the high prevalence of HIV in Abidjan and the endemic situation of HBV infection. Furthermore, HCV infection is not infrequent in this developing country setting, not explained by previous termsexualnext term transmission.
Author Keywords: Author Keywords: previous termhepatitisnext term C virus; previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus; sexually previous termtransmitted diseasenext term; human immunodeficiency virus; women; Africa
Article Outline
9-
Predictors of positivity for hepatitis Bnext term and the derivation of a selective screening rule in a Canadian sexually previous termtransmitted diseasesnext term clinic1
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John Sellorsa, b, c, *, Mirza Zimic-Vinceticc, Michelle Howardc, James previous termB.next term Mahonyd and Max A. Cherneskyd
a Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont, Canada
previous termbnext term Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ont. L8S 4K1, Canada
c Father Sean O’Sullivan Research Centre, St. Joseph’s Hospital and St. Joseph’s Community Health Centre, Health Services Delivery Research Unit, 2757 King Street East, Hamilton, Ont. L8G 5E4, Canada
d Department of Pathology and Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Centre, 1200 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ont. L8N 3Z5, Canada
Received 18 October 1997;
revised 18 February 1998;
accepted 22 February 1998.
Available online 4 March 1999.
Abstract
Objective: To determine the prevalence of previous termhepatitis Bnext term surface antibody (anti-HBs) and antigenemia (HBsAg), the risk factors for seropositivity and the effectiveness of a selective serologic screening rule among sexually previous termtransmitted diseasesnext term (STD) clinic attendees. Study design: Clients in the Hamilton STD Clinic were surveyed from October 1992 to July 1993 on sociodemographic, past medical, and behavioural data, were tested for several STDs and were offered serological testing and vaccination against previous termhepatitis B.next term Predictors of seropositivity were determined by single variable analysis. A selective serologic screening rule was derived using logistic regression modelling. Results: The seroprevalence of anti-HBs was 6.8% (21/310) in the 310 of 385 clients (80.5%) who agreed to be tested and interviewed. There were no HBsAg carriers. Five independent risk factors were identified by logistic regression: (1) age greater than 35 years; (2) birth outside Canada and histories of; (3) syphilis; (4) gonorrhoea; or (5) injection drug use. If clients with at least one of these predictors had been tested, 34.5% would have been selected for serologic testing and 85.7% of all positives would have been detected. The screening rule was more effective for men than for women. Conclusion: In this low prevalence setting, selecting STD clinic clients based on the presence of any one of five risk predictors appears to be an effective strategy for previous termhepatitis Bnext term serologic screening in the context of a Canadian vaccination program.
Author Keywords: previous termHepatitis Bnext term; Serology; Selective screening; STD clinic
Index Terms: sexually previous termtransmitted disease; hepatitis b; hepatitis bnext term surface antigen
10-Original Article
Seroprevalence of Viral Hepatitisnext term and Sexually previous termTransmitted Diseasenext term Among Adults with Recently Diagnosed HIV Infection in Southern Taiwan, 2000–2005: Upsurge in previous termHepatitisnext term C Virus Infections Among Injection Drug Users
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Hsin-Chun Leea, b, Nai-Ying Koc, Nan-Yao Leeb, Chia-Ming Changb and Wen-Chien Koa, b, Corresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author
aDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
bDepartment of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
cDepartment of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
Received 15 November 2007;
revised 22 January 2008;
accepted 12 February 2008.
Available online 1 October 2008.
Background/Purpose
The purpose of this study was to compare the seroprevalence of viral previous termhepatitisnext term and sexually previous termtransmitted diseasenext term (STD) co-infections among three populations at risk recently diagnosed with HIV infection.
Methods
A retrospective review of medical records was performed to determine the prevalence of several co-infections among adults recently diagnosed with HIV infection between 2000 and 2005 at National Cheng Kung University Hospital in Tainan, Taiwan.
Results
Among a total of 484 adults, 124 (25.6%) were men having sex with men (MSM), 105 (21.7%) were heterosexual adults, and 255 (52.7%) were injection drug users (IDUs). The case number of adults with recently diagnosed HIV infection increased annually, from 27 in 2000 to 142 in 2005 (p < 0.001). This trend appeared to be attributable to the upsurge in HIV infection among IDUs beginning in 2003. At the time of HIV diagnosis, mean CD4+ counts were significantly higher and plasma HIV-1 RNA loads were lower in the IDU group than the MSM or heterosexual groups. The previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus (HBV) carrier rate was similar in all three groups, with an average rate of 16.5%. The prevalence of treponemal antibody and Entamoeba histolytica indirect hemagglutination antibody was higher in MSM (37.5% and 9.4%, respectively) than in heterosexuals (19.6% and 7.3%, respectively) or IDUs (3.2% and 2.1%). The seroprevalence of previous termhepatitisnext term A virus infection increased with age, with 94.2% (97/103) of patients who were older than 40 years. previous termHepatitisnext term C virus (HCV) or HBV-HCV co-infections were noted more often in IDUs (97.9% and 16.9%, respectively) than in heterosexuals (10.9% and 2.2%, respectively) and MSM (5.3% and 3.6%, respectively).
Conclusion
There was a recent upsurge in HIV-HCV co-infected IDUs in southern Taiwan. A higher rate of co-infection with STDs among HIV-infected MSM highlights the need for integrated STD control efforts in current HIV prevention programs.
Key Words: human immunodeficiency virus; sexually previous termtransmitted diseasesnext term; transmission routes; viral previous termhepatitisnext term
11-A case of sexually transmittednext term acute previous termhepatitisnext term C: confirmation by analysis of viral genome
Fumihiko Kominea, Corresponding Author Contact Information, Toshikazu Yamaguchia, Mitsuhiko Moriyamaa, Takashi Segawaa, Hiroshi Matsumuraa, Kazuhiko Nakaia, Toshihiro Shimizua, Nakanobu Hayashia, Yasuyuki Arakawaa, Toshikazu Uchidab, Katsunori Takeuchic and Masahide Miyagawac
a Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchikami-machi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173, Japan
previous termbnext term First Department of Pathology, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
c Department of Internal Medicine, Yokohama Central Social Insurance Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
Received 8 June 1998;
revised 13 October 1998;
accepted 30 October 1998.
Available online 1 March 1999.
Abstract
We report a case of acute previous termhepatitisnext term C that appears to have been sexually previous termtransmitted.next term The patient was a 21-year-old female with no history of blood transfusion and no personal or family history related to hepatic decease. The patient first had previous termsexualnext term intercourse with her male partner in November 1994 and she visited our hospital with a chief complaint of general weakness in March 1995. She was admitted because of abnormal liver function test results (ALT 329; AST 152 IU l−1). She was negative for serum second-generation anti-previous termhepatitisnext term C virus (HCV) antibody, anti-previous termhepatitisnext term A IgM antibody, anti-previous termhepatitis Bnext term core IgM antibody, anti-Epstein–Barr virus IgM antibody, anti-nuclear antibody, anti-DNA antibody and anti-mitochondrial antibody at admission. A serum HCV RNA test gave a positive result on the 7th day after admission; her HCV RNA level was 103.5 copies 50 μl−1 serum on the 21st day. Her anti-HCV antibody status became positive on the 30th day after admission. A liver needle biopsy specimen taken on the 35th day showed well-preserved lobular architecture and mild necroinflammation within the parenchyma without accompanying fibrosis. Abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography did not show significant change in the liver or spleen. Taking the above findings together a diagnosis of acute previous termhepatitisnext term C was maden. Treatment by interferon-β succeeded in eradicating the HCV and the patient was free of HCV RNA 1 year later. The patients partner had untreated chronic previous termhepatitisnext term C. The HCVs isolated from the patient and her partner both had the 2b genotype and single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis revealed three virtually identical bands. The nucleotide sequences (E1-E2/NS1 region) of the two HCVs showed 98% homology. These genetic findings suggest that the previous termsexualnext term transmission of HCV occurred in this case.
Author Keywords: Acute previous termhepatitis; Hepatitisnext term C virus (HCV); Sexually previous termtransmitted diseasenext term; Interferon-β
Article Outline
12-
Prisoners' attitudes toward Hepatitis Bnext term vaccination
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Snigdha Vallabhaneni BAa, Grace E. Macalino Ph.D.a, Steven E. Reinert MSb, Beth Schwartzapfel BAc, Francis A. Wolf BAc and Josiah D. Rich MD, MPHCorresponding Author Contact Information, a, c, Corresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author
a Brown University School of Medicine, RI 02912, USA
previous termbnext term Lifespan Department of Medical Computing, RI 02903, USA
c The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI 02906, USA
Available online 21 February 2004.
Abstract
Background. previous termHepatitis Bnext term continues to be a substantial problem in the United States despite the existence of a safe and effective vaccine. Vaccination programs for inmates could reach many high-risk individuals but little is known about U.S. inmates' willingness to accept previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus (HBV) vaccination while incarcerated. The goal of this study was to assess inmates' knowledge about previous termhepatitis Bnext term and their willingness to accept previous termhepatitis Bnext term vaccination while incarcerated.
Methods. We interviewed 153 male and female inmates at the Rhode Island Department of Corrections (RIDOC) using a voluntary, anonymous survey.
Results. Ninety-three percent of inmates said they would agree to receive the previous termhepatitis Bnext term vaccine while incarcerated. More than half of the 30% who reported having risk factors for previous termhepatitis Bnext term did not consider themselves to be at risk for previous termhepatitis Bnext term and almost half (44%) of all inmates were not aware that previous termhepatitis Bnext term can be previous termtransmittednext term through unprotected sex.
Conclusion. previous termHepatitis Bnext term vaccination programs in correctional settings are a public health priority and would be well received by the target population. Such programs would help protect the health of incarcerated persons and the communities to which they return.
Author Keywords: previous termHepatitis Bnext term vaccination; Vaccine acceptance; Prisoners; Injection; Injection drug use; previous termSexualnext term risk; Sexually previous termtransmitted diseasenext term
13-
Sexually transmitted diseasesnext term in homosexual adolescents
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Jonathan Zenilman M.D.Corresponding Author Contact Information
From the Centers for previous termDiseasenext term Control, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Accepted 20 October 1987.
Available online 28 April 2005.
Abstract
In 1986, an estimated 13 million cases of sexually previous termtransmitted diseasesnext term (STDs) were diagnozed in the United States, with the highest incidence rates within the adolescent age group. Homosexual adolescent men are at particularly high risk for STDs. Because of the myriad clinical of STD in gay men, these previous termdiseasesnext term are often not recognised as sexually previous termtransmitted.next term In this paper, the epidemiology and clinical features of STDs in gay adolescents are discussed. The previous termsexualnext term history is emphasized as an integral tool in developing a differential diagnosis. A priori, the previous termsexualnext term history also can give a risk-assessment profile for STD. Clinical aspects of STD are reviewed using a syndrome approach, and the diagnostic workup is outlined for the etiologic agents most likely implicated in each syndrome. Clinical signs and symptoms of urethritis, genital ulcers and papular lesions, pharyngitis, and previous termhepatitisnext term are reviewed. Sexually acquired gastrointestinal disorders are described. As the AIDS epidemic continues, previous termdiseasenext term prevention, risk reduction, and patient education are becoming more important. Current recommendations for “safer sex” practices are reviewed.
Author Keywords: Sexually previous termtransmitted diseasesnext term; Homosexuality; Prevention; Syphilis; Gonorrhea; Chlamydia; Herpes; Enteric syndrome; previous termHepatitisnext term; Human papillomavirus
Article Outline
14-
Associations between forced sex, sexualnext term and protective practices, and sexually previous termtransmitted diseasesnext term among a national sample of adolescent girls
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Dawn M. Upchurch PhDCorresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author, a and Yasamin Kusunoki MPHa
[Author vitae]
a UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
Received 10 September 2003;
Revised 13 January 2004;
accepted 9 March 2004.
Available online 9 June 2004.
Abstract
Objective
The main objective of this study is to better understand the associations between forced sex history and history of sexually previous termtransmitted diseasenext term (STD) infection. Three research questions are investigated. Is history of forced sex associated with risk-taking behaviors? Are these risk-taking behaviors associated with history of STD? Is history of forced sex independently associated with history of STD?
Methods
Information on the previous termsexualnext term and STD histories is obtained from 3,579 sexually active adolescent girls using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Weighted logistic and OLS regressions are employed, using techniques that account for the complex sampling design.
Results
Girls with a history of forced sex are significantly more likely to have a greater number of previous termsexualnext term partners, be younger at first sex, and be more likely to use alcohol or drugs at last sex; there is no difference in condom use at last sex. These factors, in turn, are significantly associated with a positive STD history. Condom use at last sex is negatively associated with ever having had an STD. When all five previous termsexualnext term and protective practices are investigated simultaneously, history of forced sex remains significantly associated with STD history (odds ratio [OR] = 1.39, p = .014); number of previous termsexualnext term partners and early onset of sex remain significant. Condom use and substance use at last sex reduce to marginal significance.
Conclusions
These results suggest that a history of forced sex is independently associated with a history of STD among sexually active adolescent girls. Programmatic strategies aimed at reducing STDs through encouraging responsible previous termsexualnext term behavior would potentially benefit from also including a component that addresses previous termsexualnext term victimization.
Author Keywords: Forced sex; Sexually previous termtransmitted diseasenext term (STD), previous termSexualnext term behavior; Condom use; Number of previous termsexualnext term partners; Early onset of sex; Substance use; Adolescent females
15-Features
Sexualnext term Transmission of previous termHepatitisnext term C and Early Intervention
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Shona Fletcher RN, BSNa, Registered nurse
aIan Charleson Centre at Royal Free Hospital in London
Available online 10 September 2005.
The major risk factors for the transmission of previous termhepatitisnext term C virus (HCV) have been sharing needles for intravenous drug use (IDU) and receiving blood and blood products; however, recent findings suggest that HCV is being increasingly sexually previous termtransmitted,next term particularly among HIV-positive men who engage in high-risk, unprotected previous termsexualnext term behaviors with other men. Sixteen HIV-positive patients were diagnosed with sexually acquired HCV infection at a leading London HIV outpatient treatment center during 2002. All 16 patients were homosexual males with no history of IDU who had been involved in high-risk, unprotected previous termsexualnext term behaviors, which included active and passive anal intercourse, fisting, rimming, and oral sex. Six patients (37.5%) in the cohort spontaneously cleared HCV infection and consequently tested negative for HCV RNA. The remaining 10 patients were all started on HCV treatment, which consisted of pegylated interferon alpha-2b in combination with ribavirin. Three patients (43%) have achieved a significant reduction in HCV RNA after 12 to 24 weeks of HCV treatment. The earlier HCV seroconversion is detected and treated, the better the chance of achieving viral eradication.
Key words: HIV; previous termhepatitisnext term C virus (HCV); coinfection; previous termsexualnext term transmission; combination therapy
16-
Hepatitis B:next term transmission by previous termsexualnext term contact and needle sharing
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P. Piot, C. Goilav and E. Kegels
Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, previous termBnext term-2500, Antwerp, Belgium
Available online 13 November 2002.
Abstract
In the Western world most cases of previous termhepatitis Bnext term virus (HBV) infection are acquired through previous termsexualnext term intercourse and through needle sharing by intravenous drug users (IVDU). The major risk factors for HBV infection in homosexual men include the number of sex partners and receptive and intercourse. In heterosexuals, this risk also rises with an increasing number of sex partners. IVDU consistently show the highest HBV infection rates in Europe and North America, presently accounting for 25 to 50% of all previous termhepatitis Bnext term cases. Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus affects the course of HBV infection as well as the immunological response to previous termhepatitis Bnext term vaccines. Thus, in the industrialized world, interventions against HBV infection should primarily be targeted to homosexual men, heterosexuals with multiple partners, and IVDU.
Author Keywords: previous termHepatitis Bnext term; homosexuals; heterosexuals; intravenous drug users; previous termsexualnext term contact
17-Original Articles
Are There Risk Factors for Hepatitis Bnext term Infection in Inner-City Adolescents That Justify Prevaccination Screening?
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Elizabeth M. Alderman M.D.A, *, Alan Shapiro M.D.B, Ilya Spigland M.D.C, Susan M. Coupey M.D.A, Mohammed Bashir M.V.M.C and Amy S. Fox M.D.C
A Division of Adolescent Medicine (E.M.A., S.M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
previous termBnext term Division of Community Pediatrics (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
C Division of Virology, Department of Pathology (I.S., M.B., A.S.F.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.
Accepted 30 June 1997.
Available online 22 July 1998.
Abstract
Purpose: This study was undertaken to determine if homelessness could serve as a marker for previous previous termhepatitis Bnext term infection (HBI), and thus justify prevaccination screening.
Methods: One hundred sexually active 13–21-year-olds (mean = 17 years), 74% female, attending an inner-city hospital-based adolescent clinic (HOSP), and 48 sexually active 13–21-year-olds (mean = 19 years), 40% female, attending a clinic based at an urban drop-in center (UDC) for street youth were consecutively enrolled, screened for HBI serum markers and administered a structured interview about previous termsexualnext term practices, previous termsexualnext term abuse, prior sexually previous termtransmitted diseasesnext term (STDs), and injection drug use.
Results: For the HOSP group, 7% were homeless and 4% were HBI positive. In the UDC group, 96% were homeless and 23% were HBI positive. Homelessness was significantly associated with HBI (p < 0.001), and this was corroborated by logistic regression analysis (p < 0.01). Other factors significantly associated with HBI in adolescents included a history of anal sex (p ≤ 0.002), anal-receptive sex (p ≤ 0.01), genital Chlamydia (p ≤ 0.03), prostitution (p ≤ 0.03), and previous termsexualnext term abuse (p ≤ 0.002). For both populations, gender, previous termsexualnext term orientation, intravenous drug use, and genital sex were not related to HBI.
Conclusion: These data indicate that homelessness and associated high-risk previous termsexualnext term practices may be indications for prevaccination screening for HBI in adolescents.
Author Keywords: Adolescents; Homelessness; previous termSexualnext term abuse; previous termHepatitis Bnext term vaccination; Prevaccination screening; Chlamydia; previous termSexualnext term behaviors
