Competitor Guide to Doping & Medication Control in Horses 2009
Doping is fundamentally contrary to the spirit of sport.
Anti-doping programs seek to preserve what is intrinsically valuable about sport. This intrinsic value is often referred to as "the spirit of sport"; it is the essence of Olympism; it is how we play true. The spirit of sport is the celebration of the human spirit, body and mind, and is characterized by the following values:
• Ethics, fair play and honesty
• Health
• Excellence in performance
• Character and education
• Fun and joy
• Teamwork
• Dedication and commitment
• Respect for rules and laws
• Respect for self and other participants
• Courage
• Community and solidarity
FEI Medication Code
All treatments must be given in the best health and welfare interests of the horse.
Therefore:
• Every treatment must be fully justifiable by the medical condition of the horse receiving the treatment.
• Horses that cannot compete as a result of injury or disease must be given appropriate veterinary treatment. The Person Responsible must obtain advice from their treating veterinarian or team veterinarian prescribing a treatment and the necessary duration of treatment.
• No substance shall be given to any horse during or close to an event unless the appropriate FEI guidelines for medication authorization have been followed.
• A complete and accurate record of all treatments during or close to an event must be maintained.
General Notice
The following withdrawal guidelines are voluntary and advisory. The guidelines are recommendations based on current scientific knowledge that will change over time.
These withdrawal interval guidelines assume that administration of medications will be performed at doses that are not greater than the manufacturer’s maximum recommended dosage.
Medications administered at dosages above manufacturer’s recommendations and / or in unusual compounded formulations, and /or administration inside the withdrawal interval may result in test sample concentrations above threshold concentrations that could lead to positive test results and the imposition of penalties.
Acepromazine Maleate
Common Names: Ace, ACP, Promex, Plegicil® , Notensil® , & Atravet®.
Presentation: Yellow solution for injection into the vein or muscle. Paste to be given by mouth.
Uses: Acepromazine is used as a tranquillizer for horses that are
excitable, nervous or hard to handle. It is also used for pre-anesthetic
sedation. Ace also has anti-spasmodic properties, which help to reduce spasm in the gut, and makes it useful in the treatment of colic.
Effects: Ace has little analgesic effect. That is it does not reduce pain sensation and should therefore be avoided for painful procedures.
Horses may still react to sudden loud noise or movement.
Ace can reduce blood pressure which may cause complications if it is
used in a horse suffering from shock or dehydration.
Protrusion of the penis occurs 30 minutes after administration of ace
and can last up to 100 minutes. Ace should NOT be used in stallions or
recently castrated geldings as it can cause paralysis of the penis.
When used at the recommended dose rate the tranquillizing effect can last at least 8 hours
Detection: 7 days
Albuterol Sulfate
Common names: Human: Ventolin ®, Proventil®
Presentation: PO 8 micro gram/kg
Uses Albuterol is used for its effects on bronchial smooth muscle to alleviate bronchospasm or cough.
Effects: In general, albuterol is absorbed rapidly and well after oral administration. Effects occur within 5 minutes after oral inhalation, and 30 minutes after oral administration (e.g., tablets). It does not cross the blood-brain barrier, but does cross the placenta. Duration of effect generally persists for 3-6 hours after inhalation and up to 12 hours (depending on dosage form) after oral administration.
Short-acting bronchodilators take effect within minutes, but the duration of their effect is only one to two hours. Salmeterol is long acting
Detection: 7 days
Aminophylline
Common names: Human: Phyllocontin, Truphylline
Presentation: 1.5 grams I.V
Use: open airways in horses with heaves
Effect: Aminophylline is a bronchodilator used to open air passages in the lung. By relaxing the smooth muscle of the lung it makes it easier to breathe.
Aminophylline is less potent and shorter-acting than Theopylline.
Detection: 96 hours
Ampehetamine
Common Names: Speed, Benzedrine, Dexedrine.
Presentation: A human product which is a powerful central nervous system stimulant that can be give orally (by mouth) or by injection.
Uses: As a stimulant of the nervous system, this drug can be abused,
especially in the racing industry.
Effects: Amphetamine causes increased blood pressure, decreased heart rate, decreased appetite and can cause temperature to rise with life threatening consequences when overdose is combined with heavy work.
Detection: Amphetamine is fairly short acting in the horse.
Aspirin
Common name: Vetalgine
Presentation: 25 mg/kg PO every 12 hr then 10 mg/kg once daily.
also comes as a powder to be made into solution for intravenous injection.
Uses: Aspirin is used for muscular and skeletal pain, soft tissue
swelling and to reduce fever.
Effects: May cause stomach ulceration.
Detection: Aspirin can be detected in the system for 2 days after the administration of just one dose.
Azaperone
Common names: Stresnil®; Suicalm®
Presentation: Injectable I.M; 40 mg / ml
Uses Azaperone is officially indicated for the “control of aggressiveness when mixing or regrouping weanling.
Azaperone has also been used as a neuroleptic in horses, but some horses develop adverse reac¬tions (sweating, muscle tremors, panic reaction, CNS excitement) and IV administration has resulted in significant arterial hypotension in the horse. Because of these effects, most clinicians avoid the use of this drug in equines.
Effects: the drug is considered to have a fairly rapid onset of action following IM injections (5-10 minutes) with a peak effect at approximately 30 minutes post injection
Detection: At 16 hours post-dose, practically all of the drug is eliminated from the body.
Betamethasone
Common Names: Betasone, celestone
Presentation: 35mg I.M
Use: It is used as an aid in the control of inflammation associated with various arthropathies
Effect: reduce inflammation
Detection: up to 7 days
BOLDENONE
Common Names: Boldebal-H, Depobol, Equipoise®
Presentation: 1.1 mg/kg repeated in 3 weeks ,Comes as an injectable solution for intramuscular injection.
Uses: Boldenone is a long acting anabolic steroid used for convalescing horses to stimulate appetite, stimulate weight gain and improve physical condition. It is NOT a substitute for a balanced diet.
Effects: Can have androgenic effects such as masculinisation and behavioral changes. It should not be used on colts, fillies, stallions, pregnant mares or brood mares during the breeding season. Long term overuse may lead to liver damage and perhaps liver tumors.
Detection: As Boldenone is long acting, it can be detected 4 weeks after administration of a single intramuscular dose.
In some cases it can be detected until 90 days.
Butorphanol
Common Names: Torbugesic® Human Stadol®
Presentation: 0.1 mg/kg IV q3-4h; not to exceed 48 hours
Uses: for the relief of pain associated with colic in adult horses and yearlings
Effect: 4-7 times as potent an analgesic as morphine
Detection: 96 hours
Capsaicin
Common names: Equi-Block
Presentation: topical
Use: is ideal for pain management in cases of arthritis, sprains, strains, sore muscles and splints of the horse.
Because the neurons stop telling the brain about the pain, the infl- ammatory response can be limited which is useful when there are occasions such as tendon injury or swelling, when it is important to keep heat and inflammation to a minimum.
Effect: most horses receive up to 24 hours of pain relief
This product is not a cure. It is meant to be used as a means of alleviating pain to expedite the natural healing process so that your horse can be more comfortable and perform at the best of his or her natural ability.
Detection: 7days
Carprofen:
Common names: Rimadyl
Presentation: I.V 0.7mg/kg.
Use: Rimadyl is indicated for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis and for the control of postoperative pain associated with soft tissue.
Effect: Vetprofen is not a cure for osteoarthritis; it can relieve the pain and inflammation of OA and improve mobility.
Response varies from but can be quite dramatic. In most, improvement can be seen in a matter of days.
Detection: 11 days
Clenbuterol HCl
Common names: Ventipulmin®
Presentation: Injection, Syrup, powder
Uses Clenbuterol is approved for use in horses as a bronchodilator in the management of airway obstruction, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Effects: After oral administration to horses, peak plasma levels of clenbuterol occur 2 hours after administration and the average half life is about 10 hours. The manufacturer states that the duration of effect varies from 6-8 hours.
Detection: 7 days after 8 days oral dose
Cyproheptadine
Common names: Periactin (human form)
Presentation: 0.25 mg/kg p.o.
Uses: Cyproheptadine is an antihistamine, but in
horses is used to treat head shaking and Cushing’s disease.
Effects: prevent histamine’s action on the cell. Besides that these agents have varying degrees of anticholinergic and CNS activity (sedation).
Detection: 7 days
Dantrolene
Common names: Dantrium
Presentation: PO 800mg
Uses: used in a targeted manner for horses with a known history of tying-up
Effects: Dantrium can reduce the difference between pre- and post-exercise serum CK levels
Detection: 72 hours
Dembrexine
Common names: Sputolysin
Presentation: Powder 0.33 mg/kg twice daily
Uses: is recommended as an aid in the treatment of respiratory diseases in the horse where there is difficulty in expectoration and where secretolysis is necessary or desirable.
Effects: Treated animals responded with improvement in respiration rate, nasal discharges and cough
Detection: 5days after 9 oral doses at 12 hr intervals
Detomidine HCl
Common names: Dormosedan®
Presentation: Injection I.V
Uses: as a sedative and analgesic to facilitate minor surgical and diagnostic procedures in mature horses and yearlings. It has been used successfully for the following: to calm fractious horses, to provide relief from abdominal pain, to facilitate bronchoscopy, nasogastric intubation, nonreproductive rectal palpations, suturing of skin lacerations, and castrations. Additionally, an approved, local infiltration anesthetic is indicated for castration..
Effects: Onset of sedative effects should be reached within 2-4 minutes after IV administration and 3-5 minutes after IM administration. Twenty mcg/kg will provide 30-90 minutes of sedation and 40 mcg/kg will provide approximately 90 minutes to 2 hours of sedation.
Detection: 7 days
Dexamethasone
Common names: dexium
Presenation: I.V 10mg /25 mg Na-phosphate, PO 10mg
Use: is an extremely potent drug for reducing inflammation. The most common use in the horse is for the treatment of acute (sudden) lameness. Chronic (long-term) lameness does not respond as well. It is also used for allergic conditions, spinal injuries and shock.
Effect: can have many and varied undesirable effects including increased thirst and therefore increased urination, increased appetite, weakness, hair loss and lethargy. This drug can slow wound healing
Because cortisone reduces the effectiveness of the immune system (the body's defence mechanism against infection), it must not be used in the presence of a bacterial infection unless antibiotics are used at the same time.
Long term use of cortisone should be avoided.
Detection: 2-6 days
Diazepam
Common names: Human: Valium®, Dizac®
Presentation: Tablets, I.V, I.M
Uses: used in horses as a part of a pre-operative sedative combination and in the treatment of seizures both in the neonate and in adult horses. It is not commonly used on its own; it is given in combination with other drugs such as xylazine, ketamine
It is generally considered a safe choice in the young foal because it causes minimal cardiovascular depression.
Effects: while providing good muscle relaxation and CNS depression. It is important to note that diazepam provides little or no analgesia
Detection: 7 days
Diclofenac
Common names: Surpass , voltaren, voltarol
Presentation: Cream (you should wear gloves on administration)
Uses SURPASS topical cream is indicated for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis (OA) in tarsal, carpal, metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal (hock, knee, fetlock and pastern) joints in horses.
Effects: osteoarthritis were treated
Detection: 7 days Whenever diclofenac liposomal cream is administered, not more than 73 mg should be administered, to not more than one affected site, each 12 hours (i.e., not more that 146 mg per 24 hour period). This 73 mg dose equals a 5-inch ribbon of cream not greater than ½ inch in width, which should be rubbed thoroughly into the hair over the joint or affected site using gloved hands. Do not apply diclofenac cream in combination with any other topical preparations including DMSO, nitrofurazone, or liniments, and do not use on an open wound. Diclofenac cream should not be administered for more than 10 successive days.
Dimethyl Sulfoxide
Common names: Gel 90%; Domoso®, Human Rimso-50®
Presentation: 19.8 g Gel, Injection 1g/kg BWT I.V
Uses: a topical application to reduce acute swelling due to trauma
Effect: veterinarians recognize that DMSO is a most valuable substance especially since it not only penetrates the skin quickly, but also takes along with it other substances, such as antibiotics and anti-inflammatories. What makes this drug so effective is the fact that it traps free radicals within the animal’s organism. These free radicals are found when tissue is damaged or deteriorating and in turn they harm other tissues and make injuries worse and significantly slow down the healing process. DMSO significantly reduces the quantity of free radicals in addition to producing sulfur which is known to be an essential component in the production of the cells that make up tissues
Detection: 36 hours gel, I.V 96 hours
Dipyrone
Common names: Vetalgine, Novin, CALMAGINE™
Presentation: IV, 22.0 mg/kg
Uses: Dipyrone is a very mild NSAID. Because of its very mild analgesic properties it is unlikely to mask abdominal pain due to a surgical problem. Traditionally, dipyrone has been thought to also have anti-spasmodic properties on the smooth muscle of the gastro-intestinal tract, which has been the basis for its common use in cases of mild colic.
Although research evidence does not support any claim of anti-spasmodic activity, many clinicians consider it a very useful drug precisely for this reason. Flunixin meglumine is a NSAID with stronger analgesic properties that is also used to treat GI pain.
Dipyrone may be used in foals and in adult horses to reduce fevers. It is not commonly used for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain
Effects: Drug Interactions
Dipyrone should not be used in conjunction with phenylbutazone or barbiturates
Detection: 5 days
**** Studies have shown re-uptake of drugs through droppings of the horse or contaminated bedding can result in prolonged detection times.
Eltenac
Common names: Telzenac
Presentation: 0.5mg/kg/5days/daily I.V
Use: Alleviation of inflammation associated with musculoskeletal disorders, and for the control of local post-operative swelling and edema in the horse
Effect: Eltenac was more active than diclofenac, phenylbutazone and flunixin.
Detection: 192 hr/8 days
Etrophine
Common names: Elephant-Juice, Immobilon
Presentation: 0.5ml/50kg I.V, can be administrated I.M if I.V isn’t possible.
Uses: Etorphine is a morphine derivative used mainly to assist in
immobilisation and capture of exotic wild animals. It has 10,000 times
the analgesic properties of morphine.
Effects-: Etorphine is a dangerous drug with a low safety margin, it can kill horses. It can also easily kill humans who are accidentally injected with small doses. The action of Etorphine can be reversed with Nalorphine.
Detection: As with pethidine and morphine, Etorphine is rapidly excreted.
Fenoterol
Common names: Human solution in Device: fenoterol
Presentation: 15 mins inhaler
Use: bronchodilator indicated for "rescue therapy" to horses have respiratory difficulty at rest.
Effect: show in 1 hour a significant effect for maximum change in transpulmonary pressure, dynamic compliance, lung resistance, and work of breathing, and the wheezes and crackles disappeared.
Detection: 48 hours
Firocoxib
COMMON NAMES: Equioxx®
PRESENTATION: 0.1 mg/kg PO, Firocoxib is permitted to be used for a period of 14 consecutive days.
USE: EQUIOXX Oral Paste is administered for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in horses.
EFFECT: Horses treated with EQUIOXX showed improvement in veterinarian-assessed lameness, pain on manipulation, range of motion, and joint swelling that was comparable to the active control.
DETECTION: 12 hours (AERC), 30 days (FEI)
***USEF Approves Use of New NSAID Firocoxib Beginning August 1, 2007
***Until further review by the FEI, per manufacturer recommendation firocoxib should not be used in a horse in the 30 days prior to competing in an FEI sanctioned event.
Flunixin Meglumine
Common names: Banamine® , Finadyne
Presentation: I.V, PO
Uses: Uses in the horse are for the alleviation of inflammation and pain associated with musculoskeletal disorders and alleviation of visceral pain associated with colic in the horse.
Flunixin has been touted for many other indications in various species, including: Horses: foal diarrheas, shock, colitis, respiratory disease, post-race treatment, and pre- and post ophthalmic and general surgery.
Effects: In the horse, flunixin is rapidly absorbed following oral administration with an average bioavailability of 80% and peak serum levels in 30 minutes. The onset of action is generally within 2 hours; peak response occurs between 12-16 hours and the duration of action lasts up to 36 hours.
Detection 6 days-14 days after 1mg/kg I.V dose
Whenever flunixin meglumine is administered, the dose should be
accurately calculated according to the actual weight of the animal. Each 24 hours, not more than For a 1000 pound animal, the maximum daily dose is 500 milligrams, which equals two 250 milligram packets of granules, or one 500 milligram packet of granules or 500 milligrams of the oral paste (available in 1500 milligram dose syringes), or 10.0 cc of the injectable (50 milligrams per milliliter).
Flunixin meglumine should not be administered for more than five successive days.
Whenever flunixin meglumine is administered, phenylbutazone should not have been administered during the seven preceding days
** Studies have shown re-uptake of drugs through droppings of the horse or contaminated bedding can result in prolonged detection times.
Fluphenazine
Common Names: Modecate, Human: Prolixin
Presentation: I.M
Use: used as a sedative in horses to control unwanted behavior but also can produce an altered state of consciousness or for horses having shivering syndrome, and Cushing's Disease.
Effect: Some horse owners and trainers want to use this drug in show or performance horses for its calming effect. Also, some trainers request the drug to make their job easier when starting to train young horses.
Detection: 90 days
Furosemide
Common names: Lasix®
Presentation: PO, I.V
Uses: Furosemide is used for its diuretic activity in all species. It is used in small animals for the treatment of congestive cardiomyopathy, pulmonary edema and, occasionally, as an antihypertensive agent. In cattle, it is approved for use for the treatment of post-parturient udder edema. It has been used to help prevent or reduce epistaxis (exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage; EIPH) in race horses.
Effects: Furosemide reduces the absorption of electrolytes in the ascending section of the loop of Henle.
Furosemide increases renal excretion of water, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, hydrogen, ammonium, and bicarbonate.
Detection: 48 hours
Guanabenz
Common names: human medicine (Wytensin tablets, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals
Presentation: IV injection at 0.04 and 0.2 mg/kg
Uses: Guanabenz is marketed as an antihypertensive
agent in human medicine
Effects: Lower blood pressure and slowing pulse rate
Detection: 48 hours
Hydroxyzine
Common names: Human: Anxanil® Atarax® Vistaril®
Presentation: PO, I.M 1.5 mg/kg twice daily
Use: Hydroxyzine is used principally for its antihistaminic and primary skeletal muscle relaxation has been demonstrated experimentally. Also has Bronchodilator activity
Effects: takes about 40 mins
Detection: 96 hours
Ipratropium
Common names: Ipratropium, atrovent
Presentation: inhalation
Use: is a bronchodilator that is indicated in horses for the treatment of reversible bronchospasm in recurrent airway obstruction (RAO).
Effect: Ipratropium improves pulmonary function by 50% within one hour, and the duration of effect is approximately 4 to 6 hours in severely affected horses.
Detection: 48 hours
Isoflupredone
Common names: predef 2X
Presentation: 20mg I.M
Use: providing glucocorticoid, anti-inflammatory or supportive therapy to horses suffering from conditions such as: overwhelming infections with severe toxicity, musculoskeletal conditions, and shock.
Effect: Long-lasting: 48-hour gluconeogenic activity, Increases glucose levels quickly.
Detection: 72 hours
Isoxsuprine HCl
Common names: Vasodilan® Voxsuprine® Vascuprin, Duviculine
Presentation: For treatment of navicular disease:
a) 0.6 - 0.66 mg/kg bid PO X 21 days; then once daily for 14 days; then once every other day for 7 days. (Note: 0.66 mg/kg is fifteen 20 mg tabs for a 1000 lb. horse)
b) For refractory cases: regimen may be repeated at 1.32 mg/kg. If no improve¬ment seen after 6 week course then discontinue.
Uses: Isoxsuprine is used in veterinary medicine principally for the treatment of navicular disease in horses.
Effects: Isoxsuprine causes direct vascular smooth muscle relaxation primarily in skeletal muscle. In horses with navicular disease, it has been demonstrated that isoxsuprine will raise distal limb temperatures significantly. Isoxsuprine will also relax uterine smooth muscle and may have positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart. At high doses, isoxsuprine can decrease blood viscosity and reduce platelet aggregation.
Client Information - To be maximally effective, doses must be given routinely as directed. Tablets may be crushed and made into a slurry/suspension/paste by adding corn syrup, cherry syrup, etc., just before administration
***This medicine is often mixed with feed and sticks very easily to stable walls, feed bins, bedding, etc.
It is advised that, if one of the horses is on isoxsuprine treatment, it should be separated from other horses, especially if competition horses are stabled at the same time. The horse under treatment should be fed as the last and should have its own feed bucket.
make sure that the provider of this drug to the horse cannot spread the substance to other boxes (i.e. footwear, coveralls, buckets, hands etc.), thereby causing untreated horses to test positive.
Detection: 96 hours-21 days
Ketamine HCl
Common names: VetaKet® Ketaset® Human: Ketalar®
Presentation: Initially give xylazine 1.1 mg/kg IV and wait for full sedative effect (4-8 min¬utes); then give ketamine 2.2 - 2.75 mg/kg IV only (the higher dose may be nec¬essary for ponies, young “high-strung” Arabians, Hackneys, and Thoroughbreds) as a bolus. Do not administer to an “excited” horse. If surgery time requires additional anesthesia, 1/3-1/2 of the original xylazine/ketamine doses may be given IV. Do not disturb horse until fully recov¬ered.
Use: Anesthetic, Analgesic.
Effects: Ketamine is a rapid acting general anesthetic that also has significant analgesic activity and a lack of cardiopulmonary depressant effects.
Ketamine’s effects on the cardiovascular system include increased cardiac output, heart rate, and pulmonary artery pressure.
Ketamine does not cause significant respiratory depression at usual doses, but at higher doses it can cause respiratory rates to decrease.
Detection: 120 hr
Ketoprofen
Common names: Ketofen® Human: Orudis® Oruvail®
Presentation: 2.2 mg/kg I.V, PO
Uses: Ketoprofen is labeled for use in horses for the alleviation of inflamma¬tion and pain associated with musculoskeletal disorders. Like flunixin (and other NSAIDs).
Effects: Because ketoprofen is highly bound to plasma proteins, it can dis¬place or be displaced by other highly protein bound drugs, including warfarin, phenylbutazone, etc. Because ketoprofen may cause gastrointestinal ul¬creation.
Detection: 4 days after 5 days I.V administration
Ketorolac
Common names: Human: Toradol
Presentation: Injection
Use: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It works by reducing hormones that cause inflammation and pain in the body.
Effect: reduce swelling and solution of ketorolac is available and is used to treat eye pain and to relieve the itchiness and burning of seasonal allergies
Detection: 96 hours
Lidocaine HCl
Common names: Xylocaine®
Presentation: I.V,Topical
Uses: as a local and topical anesthetic agent.
Effects: Lidocaine is classified as an antiarrhythmic agent (counteracting or preventing cardiac arrhythmia, or an abnormal irregularity of the heartbeat), and its anti-inflammatory effects offer potential value in treating inflammatory conditions such as laminitis and some colics. Lastly, it's often prescribed to combat postoperative ileus (lack of intestinal motility).
Detection: 7 days
Meclofenamic
Common Names: Arquel
Presentation: 1gm PO, should not be administered for more than five
Successive days.
Use: Non-Steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used to treat colic and chronic musculoskeletal pain and inflammation
Effect: actions similar to those of aspirin
Detection: 72 hours
Medetomidine HCl
Common names: Domitor®
Presentation: I.V, I.M 5 mcg/kg BW
Uses: use as a sedative and analgesic to facilitate clinical examinations and procedures, minor surgical procedures not requiring muscle relaxation, and minor dental procedures. The manufacturer recommends the IV route of administration for dental proce¬dures.
Effects: in¬clude: depression of CNS (sedation, Effects on blood pressure are variable.
Detection: 96 hours
Meloxicam
Common names: Metacam, Mobic
Presentation: PO 0.6mg/kg/14days, I.V 0.6mg/kg
Uses: Alleviation of inflammation and relief of pain in both acute and chronic musculo-skeletal disorders.
Effects: Meloxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the oxicam class which acts by inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, thereby exerting anti-inflammatory.
Detection: 72 hours
Mepvicaine
Common names: carbocaine
Presentaion: 300 mg SC, I.A
Use: local anesthetic used to block nerves
Effect: Its anesthetic activity is two to two and one half times that of procaine, and it is equal to or better than that of lidocaine. The compound has shown excellent tissue compatibility in laboratory animals and in horses. Moderate transient edema at the site of injection may occur in rare instances.
Produces rapid and marked local anesthesia lasting for several hours. This enables the veterinarian to proceed with intended manipulations without delay and to complete the work under desensitization which is adequate even for prolonged operations
Detection: 48 hours
Methocarbamol
Common names: Robaxin®
Presentation: PO, I.V 15-25 ml
Use: In horses, intravenous use is indicated (FDA approved) “as adjunctive therapy of acute inflammatory and traumatic conditions of the skeletal muscle to reduce muscular spasms, and effect striated muscle relaxation.”
Effects: Methocarbamol’s exact mechanism of causing skeletal muscle relaxation is unknown.
It will not directly relax contracted skeletal muscles. The drug has a secondary sedative effect
Detection: 5 days through I.V administration
Methylprednisolone Acetate
Common names: Depo-Medrol® Medrol®
Presentation: Sterile Aqueous Suspension, 20 mg/ml, is available in 10 ml and 20 ml vials, and 40 mg/ml is available in 5 ml vials.
The usual intramuscular dose for horses is 200 mg repeated as necessary.
Also can be given I.A
Uses: has been found useful in alleviating the pain and lameness associated with acute localized arthritic conditions and generalized arthritic conditions.
Effects: It has been used successfully to treat rheumatoid arthritis, traumatic arthritis, osteoarthritis, tendinitis, synovitis, depending on the cause and extent of structural degeneration.
While the effect of parenterally administered DEPO-MEDROL is prolonged, it has the same metabolic and anti-inflammatory actions as orally administered methylprednisolone acetate
Detection: I.M (44 days) I.A (23 days)
Nabumetone
Common name: Human: Relafen®
Presentation: PO 3.7 mg/kg
Use: Anti-Inflammatory NSAID
Effect: rapidly metabolized after absorption to a major active. Inhibits the cyclooxygenase enzyme which is indirectly responsible for the production of inflammation and pain during arthritis.
Detection: 120 hours
Nandrolone
Common Names: Laurabolin
Presentation: 25,50gm/ml, Dose: 1mg/kg via I.M, SQ
Use: positive effects on joints, collagen, and bone-mineral content also
to achieve optimal fitness in racing and working animals.
Effect: Fracture healing is more rapid due to the positive effect on calcium and phosphorus metabolism.
Detection: 45 days
Naproxen
Common names: Equiproxen® Human: Naprosyn®
Presentation: slow I.V 5mg/kg then 10mg/kg PO for 14 days
Uses: for the relief of inflammation and associated pain and lameness exhibited with myositis and other soft tis¬sue diseases of the musculoskeletal system of the horse.”
Effects: Like other NSAIDs, naproxen exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory.
Detection: single dose 96 hours, multiple dose 120 hours
N-Butyl scopolamine
N-butylscopolammonium bromide
Common names: Buscopan™
Presentation: slow I.V 0.3 mg/kg
Uses: Buscopan is indicated for the control of abdominal pain (colic) associated with spasmodic colic, flatulent colic, and simple impactions in horses.
Effects: Relaxes smooth muscles to suppress spasms of the digestive system and alleviate abdominal pain.
Successful treatment usually occurs within 5-30 minutes in most cases.
Detection: 24 hours
Penicillin G
Common names: Crystacillin® Dual-Pen® Human: Pfizerpen®
Presentation: Injection 20,000 - 40,000 U/kg
Uses: Penicillin Injection is recommended for treatment of bacterial pneumonia (shipping fever) and strangles; it may be effective only during the acute phase of the infection.
Effects: treatment of skin and soft tissue infections caused by susceptible organisms, including those associated with the umbilicus and with wounds.
Detection: 425 Hours (17.7 days) Intra Muscular
60 Hours (2.5 days) Oral
48 Hours (2 days) Topical
PETHIDINE
Common names: Meperidine, Demerol, DOLOSAL™
Presentation: 50mg/ml solution I.M 2 mg/kg
Uses: It is used as a narcotic analgesic (painkiller), sedative and spasmolytic (stops spasm or cramp in the bowel caused by colic). Pethidine is less potent at reducing pain than morphine. Analgesia after injection lasts approximately one to two hours. It is used mainly in cases of colic and in mares during the birth process.
Effects: Pethidine should not be given subcutaneously (under the skin) as it can cause pain and local irritation. If it is not given slowly when given intravenously it can cause a severe drop in blood pressure. Pethidine can suppress respiration. This drug can cause excitement of the nervous system and is therefore best when given after sedative/tranquillizers such as ACP or Xylazine. No long-term effects have been noted when the drug is used as directed.
Detection: 3 days
PHENYLBUTAZONE
Common Names: Bute, Butalone, Butasyl, Equipalazone®
Presentation: Bute comes in three forms,:
(a) as an injectable preparation 1 - 2 grams IV ,
(b) as tablets 4.4 mg/kg PO twice on the first day, then 2.2 mg/kg PO bid for 4 days, then 2.2 mg/kg PO once daily or every other day
(c) in a granular form to be mixed with feed.
Uses: Bute is used mainly for pain relief and to reduce high
Temperature. It is used primarily in the treatment of arthritis and
musculoskeletal problems. Phenylbutazone is of no use for colic pain.
Effects: Bute is an anti-inflammatory drug similar in action to cortisone.
Bute can also cause kidney damage and death
from shock.
Detection: There are many factors that influence the length of time Bute remains in the horse's system.
The drug can be detected in the urine 6 days after a single dose. It is recommended that the use of Bute be withdrawn 8 days prior to competition.
8.8mg/kg/x2/day1 4.4.mg/kg/10days/x2 daily 168 hr
4.7mg/kg/5days/twice daily 168hr
8.8mg/kg I.V 168 hr
Whenever phenylbutazone is administered, the dose should be accurately calculated according to the actual weight of the animal. Each 24 hours, not more than 2.0 milligrams per pound of body weight should be administered, preferably less.
For a 1000 pound animal, the maximum daily dose is 2.0 grams, which equals two 1.0 gram tablets, or two 1.0 gram units of paste, or 10.0 cc of the injectable (200 milligrams per milliliter).
Phenylbutazone should not be administered for more than five successive days.
Whenever phenylbutazone is administered, flunixin meglumine should not have been administered during the seven preceding days
Prednisolone/ PREDNISONE
Common names: Solu-Delta Cortef® Prelone® Syrup
Presentation: Injection 1 mg/kg I.V , Tablets, PO
Uses: It is especially designed for intravenous use in situations requiring rapid and intense glucocorticoid and/or anti-inflammatory effect; however, it may be used by the intramuscular route in less acute conditions
Effects: generalized Muscular Soreness, Stiffness, Depression, And Anorexia As A Result Of Overtraining, Shipping, and Unusual Physical Exertion.
The Intravenous Administration is of Particular Value in Treating Acute Laminitis (founder) In Horses...
Detection: 48 hr
PROCAINE PENICILLIN
Common Names: Aquacaine, Penstrep.
Presentation: for intramuscular injection 8 mg/kg.
Must NEVER be given intravenously, Injections given daily, usually for about 5 days.
Uses: Penicillin is used as a longer acting antibiotic against sensitive bacterial organisms.
Effects: Some horses may be hypersensitive to procaine penicillin which causes an allergic reaction that requires prompt treatment with antihistamines.
Detection: The rate of elimination of procaine penicillin from the horse is very variable.
After one 5-day course of injections it can still be detected 10 to 30 days following the last dose.
Propranolol HCl
Common names: Inderal®, Intensol®
Presentation: a) 0.1 - 0.3 mg/kg twice a day IV administered over 1 minute
b) Oral: Days 1 & 2: 175 mg tid; Days 3 & 4: 275 mg tid; Days 5 & 6: 350 mg tid.
Uses: While propranolol is used for hypertension, migraine headache and angina in human patients, it is used primarily in veterinary medicine for its an¬tiarrhythmic effects; Propranolol reportedly improves cardiac performance in ani¬mals.
Effects: Propranolol blocks both beta1 and beta2 adrenergic receptors in the my¬ocardium, bronchi, and vascular smooth muscle, Additional pharmacologic effects of propranolol, include increased airway resistance (especially in patients with bronchoconstrictive disease
Detection: 4 days
Pyrilamine Maleate
Common names: Histavet-P®, Human Pyrilamine Maleate Tablets 25 mg
Presentation: 0.88 - 1.32 mg/kg I.V (slow), IM or SQ
Uses: Antihistamines are used in veterinary medicine to reduce or help pre¬vent histamine mediated adverse effects.
Effects: Antihistamines (H1-receptor antagonists) competitively inhibit histamine at H1 receptor sites. They do not inactivate, nor prevent the release of histamine, but can prevent histamine’s action on the cell.
Detection: 20 days
RESERPINE
Common Names: Rakelin
Presentation: 0.1 to 0.25mg comes as a solution to be given only by intramuscular Injection.
Uses: As a long acting calming, tranquillizing agent for high spirited
or dangerous horses. This causes the horse to be unbothered
by external stimuli. It is not strictly a hypnotic agent.
Effects: Reserpine can often cause a brief period of diarrhea before
the desired calming effect. This calming effect can last for
many days. The dose can be repeated after 4 to 8 days. The
only adverse reaction at normal doses is relaxation of the penis
thus this drug should not be used in stallions for at least 14
days prior to mating. Overdose can lead to severe colic.
Detection: As reserpine is long acting it is excreted only slowly from the
body. (2 months), (3 months as USEF rules)
Salmeterol
Common names: Serevent®.
Presentation: inhalation aerosol 25 μg/actuation. 120 actuations
Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO): 8 actuations once or twice daily for a period of 2–3 weeks.
Use: bronchodilator/open airways
Effect: its onset of action is slow (15-30 min) but its duration of action is >12 hr. It is not recommended for use in acute bronchoconstriction, but daily use with glucocorticoids provides better control than just increasing the glucocorticoid dose
Detection: 96 hours
Stanozolol
Common Names: Stanazol, Stanabolic, Stanosus. Winstrol®
Presentation: Comes as a solution for intramuscular injection.
Uses: Tissue building effects make Stanozolol useful for horses recuperating from surgery. It will also stimulate appetite and weight gain. Used for horses suffering the effects of heavy parasite (worm) infestation. Can also stimulate production of red blood cells in anaemic horses. Like nandrolone, stanozolol has been used to treat anemia of chronic disease.
Effects: The masculinising effects of Stanozolol are less than those seen with Boldenone. Must not be used on horse with poor kidney function. It is given by weekly injection but must not be used for more than 4 weeks.
Abuse can lead to liver failure, kidney disease and possible liver cancer.
Detection: 45 days
Sulfadiazine/Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim
Common names: Trimethoprim (TMP)/Sulfadiazine (SDZ) Oral Tablets, Tribrissen®, Borgal®, Trivetrin® Human: Bactrim® , Trimpex®, Septra®
Presentation: PO, IV 6ml/100kg
Uses: used for reparatory conditions, simple wounds and bone infection.
Also good for urinary tract infection
Effects: work to block folic acid metabolism in bacteria, preventing the survival and multiplication of bacteria.
Detection: can be detected up to 12 days especially if taken orally
Terbutaline Sulfate
Common names:Human Brethine® (Geigy); Bricanyl
Presentation: 0.0033 mg/kg IV, SQ, 0.025 mg/kg once daily PO
Uses: Terbutaline is used as a bronchodilating agent in the adjunctive treat¬ment of cardiopulmonary diseases
Effects: peak bronchial effects occur within 2-3 hours and activity persists for up to 8 hours. Terbutaline is well absorbed following SQ administration with an onset of action occurring within 15 minutes, peak effects at 30-60 minutes, and duration of activity for up to 4 hours.
Detection: 96 hours
Theophylline
Common names: Theophylline.
Presentation: 6gm PO
Use: The theophyllines are used primarily for their bronchodilitory effects, often in patients with myocardial failure and/or pulmonary edema.
Effect: directly relax smooth muscles in the bronchi and pulmonary vasculature.
Can cause respiratory stimulation (centrally-mediated).
Detection: up to 7 days
Triamcinolone Acetonide
Common names: Vetalog®, Human: Kenacort®, Aristocort®
Presentation: I.A, 0.1 - 0.2 mg/kg I.M, 0.011 - 0.022 mg/kg Powder
Many topical preparations are available, alone and in combination with other agents and inhaled products are also approved.
Uses: Antiflammatory, treatment of shock, allergies, disk disease, skin conditions, cancers, autoimmune diseases, etc. Side effects are also varied and can include increased thirst, increased urination, increased appetite, panting, delayed wound healing, liver damage/disease, gastrointestinal irritation.
Effects: The usual pattern of response is improvement of motion and decrease of pain within 24 hours, followed by diminution of swelling.
Detection: 15 days (24 mg I.M)
7 DAYS (I.A) 12mg one joint
Vedaprofen
Common names: Quadrisol
Presentaion: 2mg/kg I.V
Use: used to relieve pain and reduce inflammation due to
problems with and injury to the muscles, bones and joints and also injuries to other non-bony areas of the body(so called soft tissue lesions) including the trauma caused by surgery.
Effect: Vedaprofen blocks an enzyme (cyclo-oxygenase) that is
involved in the production of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are substances that trigger pain, swelling and inflammation, and the action of Quadrisol reduces these responses.
Detection: 96 hr
Xylazine HCl
Common Names: Anased, Rompun, Xylaze
Presentation: 1.1 mg/kg I.V.
Uses: used as a pre-anaesthetic medication or as a short acting sedative/tranquillizer/muscle relaxant to make examination or minor procedures easier.
Effects: The sedative/muscle relaxant effect takes place in 3 to 5 minutes when given intravenously or within 10 to 15 minutes after injection into the muscle. Xylazine also produces excellent analgesia, that is reduced pain sensation which lasts for 15 to 30 minutes.
It should not be used in shocked horses, horses suffering large blood loss or pregnant mares. A drug called Yohimbine may be given intravenously to reverse the effects of Xylazine.
Detection: 7 days
Zomepirac
Common names: Zomax.
Presentation: 1.0 gm once daily for 3 days PO
Uses: Zomepirac was indicated for the management of mild to severe pain. Multiple clinical trials demonstrated zomepirac to be more effective than aspirin or codeine alone and to be as effective as analgesic combinations containing codeine or other narcotics.
Effects: Zomepirac provided analgesia comparable with usual intramuscular doses of morphine in postoperative pain and that with long-term use, neither tolerance to its analgesic effect nor psychological or physical dependence had been demonstrated
Detection: 5 days
CAUTION AGAINST THE USE OF HERBAL/NATURAL PRODUCTS
Especially suspect are preparations that are claimed to calm or relax while at the same time being said to contain no forbidden or prohibited substances.
Just some of the examples of the hundreds and perhaps thousands of examples of herbal/ natural or plant ingredients that would cause a product to be classified as forbidden are valerian, kava kava, passionflower, skullcap, chamomile, vervain, lemon balm, leopard’s bane, night shade, capsaicin, comfrey, devil’s claw, hops, laurel, lavender, red poppy, and rawuolfia
Recently, there have been some questions related to the use of liniments. The specific liniments in question are:
Equi-Block® Liniments by Miracle Corp.
Ingredients:
Menthol (3%), Purified Water, Isopropyl Alcohol, Chamomile Extract, Polysorbate 80, Olibanum Extract, Rosemary Oil, Capsicum Oleoresin, Carbomer, Trolamine, Methylparaben.
Thermaflex Liniment Gel by VitaFlex®
Ingredients:
Menthol 4.0%, Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), Plant Extracts of Calendula and Rosemary, Oil of Cajuput (Melaleuca Leucadendron), Other Ingredients include: Alcohol, Water, Thickeners, Benzyl Nicotinate, FD&C Yellow #5 and FD&C Blue #1.
Vetrolin® Liniment by Farnam
Ingredients: Alcohol, Water, Green Soap, Camphor, Oil of Sassafras, Oil of Spike, Methyl Salicylate, Oil of Cedarwood, Oil of Rosemary and Oil of Thyme.
(Forbidden substances are noted in italics.)
References:
[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]Article by Dr. Stephen Schumacher
[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]EUROPEAN HORSERACE SCIENTIFIC LIAISON COMMITTEE
Done by: Farah Abunameh