1-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS
Available online 8 February 2011.
Loader.rt("abs_end");
Abstract
This national
study of community-based addiction-treatment organizations’ (CBOs)
implementation of evidence-based practices explored CBO Program
Directors’ (n = 296) and clinical staff (n = 518)
attitudes about the usefulness of science-based addiction treatment.
Through multivariable regression modeling, the study identified that
identical factors were associated with directors, and staff attitudes
about the usefulness of science-based addiction treatment. For both
directors and staff working in an organization that was affiliated with a
research institution, working in an organization with better internet
technology (measured through TCU-ORC scores) and having higher levels of
education were all significantly associated with having more positive
attitudes regarding science-based addiction treatment. Implications:
government policy that promotes the hiring of addiction treatment
clinical staff with professional degrees and encourages the development
of linkages between addiction treatment researchers and treatment staff
may positively impact attitudes and use of evidence-based addiction
treatment practices (EBPs) in CBOs.
Keywords: Evidence-based practice; Addiction
treatment; Substance abuse; Attitudes toward evidence-based practice;
TCU-ORC
The Substance Abuse Mental
Health Services Administration has promoted HIV testing and counseling
as an evidence-based practice. Nevertheless, adoption of HIV testing in
substance abuse treatment programs has been slow. This article describes
the experience of a substance abuse treatment agency where, following
participation in a clinical trial, the agency implemented an HIV testing
and counseling program. During the trial, a post-trial pilot, and early
implementation the agency identified challenges and developed
strategies to overcome barriers to adoption of the intervention. Their
experience may be instructive for other treatment providers seeking to
implement an HIV testing program. Lessons learned encompassed the
observed acceptability of testing and counseling to clients, the
importance of a “champion” and staff buy-in, the necessity of multiple
levels of community and agency support and collaboration, the ability to
streamline staff training, the need for a clear chain of command, the
need to develop program specific strategies, and the requirement for
sufficient funding. An examination of costs indicated that some staff
time may not be adequately reimbursed by funding sources for activities
such as adapting the intervention, start-up training, ongoing
supervision and quality assurance, and overhead costs.
Loader.rt("abs_end");
Abstract
In this paper, we
study a heroin epidemic model with distributed time delays. The basic
reproduction number [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة]
for the model is identified and the threshold property of [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة]
is established. It is shown that drug-free equilibrium is globally
asymptotically stable if [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة].
When [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة],
there is a disease endemic equilibrium which is locally asymptotically
stable, it is proved that the disease is uniformly persistent in the
population, and explicit formulae are obtained by which the eventual
lower bound of the drug user individuals can be computed.We
consider a mathematical model for HIV/AIDS that incorporates staged
progression and amelioration. Amelioration as a result of HAART
treatment is allowed to occur across any number of stages. The global
dynamics are completely determined by the basic reproduction number R0. If R0≤1, then the disease-free equilibrium
(DFE) is globally asymptotically stable and the disease always dies out.
If R0>1, DFE is unstable and a unique
endemic equilibrium (EE) is globally asymptotically stable, and the
disease persists at the endemic equilibrium. The proof of global
stability utilizes a global Lyapunov function.
Keywords: Staged progression; HIV/AIDS;
Amelioration; Basic reproduction number; Global stability; Lyapunov
functions
Loader.rt("abs_end");
Abstract
Objectives
This study compares the effectiveness of two types
of interventions with no intervention on the prevention of needle stick
injuries (NSIs).Methods
Health
care workers, who were at risk for NSIs, were eligible for this
three-armed cluster randomized controlled trial. In total, 23 hospital
wards were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 intervention groups, which were
given either a needle safety device and a workshop (NW; 7 wards, n = 267)
or a workshop only (W; 8 wards, n = 263), or to a control group
(C; 8 wards, n = 266). The primary outcome was the half-year
incidence of NSIs, which was measured through questionnaires and
official notification at the occupational health service at baseline
(T0), 6 months (T1) and 12 months (T2) after baseline. Analysis were
done by intention to treat. This study is registered as a prospective
randomized trial, number NTR1207.Results
A statistically significant difference was found
between the groups for the half-year incidence of NSIs (p = 0.046)
on the basis of questionnaire data with ORs for reported NSIs for the
NW group compared with the control group of 0.34 (95% CI: 0.13–0.91) and
0.45 (95% CI: 0.19–1.06) for the W group compared with the control
group. The officially registered NSIs during the study period showed no
statistical differences between the groups.Conclusions
The combined intervention of the introduction of
needle safety devices and an interactive workshop led to the highest
reduction in the number of self-reported NSIs compared to a workshop
alone or no intervention.
Loader.rt("abs_end");This paper presents an
epidemic model aiming at the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Yunnan, China.
The total population in the model is restricted within high risk
population. By the epidemic characteristics of HIV/AIDS in Yunnan
province, the population is divided into two groups: injecting drug
users (IDUs) and people engaged in commercial sex (PECS) which includes
female sex workers (FSWs), and clients of female sex workers (C). For a
better understanding of HIV/AIDS transmission dynamics, we do some
necessary mathematical analysis. The conditions and thresholds for the
existence of four equilibria are established. We compute the
reproduction number for each group independently, and show that when
both the reproduction numbers are less than unity, the disease-free
equilibrium is globally stable. The local stabilities for other
equilibria including two boundary equilibria and one positive
equilibrium are figured out. When we omit the infectivity of AIDS
patients, global stability of these equilibria are obtained. For the
simulation, parameters are chosen to fit as much as possible prevalence
data publicly available for Yunnan. Increasing strength of the control
measure on high risk population is necessary to reduce the HIV/AIDS in
Yunnan.
In recent
years, bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics, leading to a
decline in the effectiveness of antibiotics in treating infectious
diseases. A mathematical model for multi-strain tuberculosis
transmission dynamics to assess the burden of drug-sensitive,
multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis is
formulated and analyzed. Each single strain submodel is shown to exhibit
backward bifurcation when the threshold parameter is less than unity.
Both analytical and numerical results show that resistance to drugs
increase with increase in drug use, that is, active tuberculosis
treatment results in a reduction of drug sensitive and increase in
multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Furthermore, use of second line drugs
results in a decrease of the multidrug-resistant and increase of
extensively drug resistant tuberculosis as most cases of multidrug
resistant tuberculosis occur as a result of inappropriate, misuse or
mismanaged treatment. Both the analytic results and numerical
simulations suggest that quarantine of extensively drug resistant TB
cases in addition to treatment of other forms of TB may be able to
reduce the spread of the epidemic in poor resource-settings.
Keywords: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis;
Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis; First line tuberculosis drugs;
Second line tuberculosis drugs
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS
Available online 8 February 2011.
Loader.rt("abs_end");
Abstract
This national
study of community-based addiction-treatment organizations’ (CBOs)
implementation of evidence-based practices explored CBO Program
Directors’ (n = 296) and clinical staff (n = 518)
attitudes about the usefulness of science-based addiction treatment.
Through multivariable regression modeling, the study identified that
identical factors were associated with directors, and staff attitudes
about the usefulness of science-based addiction treatment. For both
directors and staff working in an organization that was affiliated with a
research institution, working in an organization with better internet
technology (measured through TCU-ORC scores) and having higher levels of
education were all significantly associated with having more positive
attitudes regarding science-based addiction treatment. Implications:
government policy that promotes the hiring of addiction treatment
clinical staff with professional degrees and encourages the development
of linkages between addiction treatment researchers and treatment staff
may positively impact attitudes and use of evidence-based addiction
treatment practices (EBPs) in CBOs.
Keywords: Evidence-based practice; Addiction
treatment; Substance abuse; Attitudes toward evidence-based practice;
TCU-ORC
The Substance Abuse Mental
Health Services Administration has promoted HIV testing and counseling
as an evidence-based practice. Nevertheless, adoption of HIV testing in
substance abuse treatment programs has been slow. This article describes
the experience of a substance abuse treatment agency where, following
participation in a clinical trial, the agency implemented an HIV testing
and counseling program. During the trial, a post-trial pilot, and early
implementation the agency identified challenges and developed
strategies to overcome barriers to adoption of the intervention. Their
experience may be instructive for other treatment providers seeking to
implement an HIV testing program. Lessons learned encompassed the
observed acceptability of testing and counseling to clients, the
importance of a “champion” and staff buy-in, the necessity of multiple
levels of community and agency support and collaboration, the ability to
streamline staff training, the need for a clear chain of command, the
need to develop program specific strategies, and the requirement for
sufficient funding. An examination of costs indicated that some staff
time may not be adequately reimbursed by funding sources for activities
such as adapting the intervention, start-up training, ongoing
supervision and quality assurance, and overhead costs.
Loader.rt("abs_end");
Abstract
In this paper, we
study a heroin epidemic model with distributed time delays. The basic
reproduction number [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة]
for the model is identified and the threshold property of [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة]
is established. It is shown that drug-free equilibrium is globally
asymptotically stable if [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة].
When [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة],
there is a disease endemic equilibrium which is locally asymptotically
stable, it is proved that the disease is uniformly persistent in the
population, and explicit formulae are obtained by which the eventual
lower bound of the drug user individuals can be computed.We
consider a mathematical model for HIV/AIDS that incorporates staged
progression and amelioration. Amelioration as a result of HAART
treatment is allowed to occur across any number of stages. The global
dynamics are completely determined by the basic reproduction number R0. If R0≤1, then the disease-free equilibrium
(DFE) is globally asymptotically stable and the disease always dies out.
If R0>1, DFE is unstable and a unique
endemic equilibrium (EE) is globally asymptotically stable, and the
disease persists at the endemic equilibrium. The proof of global
stability utilizes a global Lyapunov function.
Keywords: Staged progression; HIV/AIDS;
Amelioration; Basic reproduction number; Global stability; Lyapunov
functions
Loader.rt("abs_end");
Abstract
Objectives
This study compares the effectiveness of two types
of interventions with no intervention on the prevention of needle stick
injuries (NSIs).Methods
Health
care workers, who were at risk for NSIs, were eligible for this
three-armed cluster randomized controlled trial. In total, 23 hospital
wards were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 intervention groups, which were
given either a needle safety device and a workshop (NW; 7 wards, n = 267)
or a workshop only (W; 8 wards, n = 263), or to a control group
(C; 8 wards, n = 266). The primary outcome was the half-year
incidence of NSIs, which was measured through questionnaires and
official notification at the occupational health service at baseline
(T0), 6 months (T1) and 12 months (T2) after baseline. Analysis were
done by intention to treat. This study is registered as a prospective
randomized trial, number NTR1207.Results
A statistically significant difference was found
between the groups for the half-year incidence of NSIs (p = 0.046)
on the basis of questionnaire data with ORs for reported NSIs for the
NW group compared with the control group of 0.34 (95% CI: 0.13–0.91) and
0.45 (95% CI: 0.19–1.06) for the W group compared with the control
group. The officially registered NSIs during the study period showed no
statistical differences between the groups.Conclusions
The combined intervention of the introduction of
needle safety devices and an interactive workshop led to the highest
reduction in the number of self-reported NSIs compared to a workshop
alone or no intervention.
Loader.rt("abs_end");This paper presents an
epidemic model aiming at the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Yunnan, China.
The total population in the model is restricted within high risk
population. By the epidemic characteristics of HIV/AIDS in Yunnan
province, the population is divided into two groups: injecting drug
users (IDUs) and people engaged in commercial sex (PECS) which includes
female sex workers (FSWs), and clients of female sex workers (C). For a
better understanding of HIV/AIDS transmission dynamics, we do some
necessary mathematical analysis. The conditions and thresholds for the
existence of four equilibria are established. We compute the
reproduction number for each group independently, and show that when
both the reproduction numbers are less than unity, the disease-free
equilibrium is globally stable. The local stabilities for other
equilibria including two boundary equilibria and one positive
equilibrium are figured out. When we omit the infectivity of AIDS
patients, global stability of these equilibria are obtained. For the
simulation, parameters are chosen to fit as much as possible prevalence
data publicly available for Yunnan. Increasing strength of the control
measure on high risk population is necessary to reduce the HIV/AIDS in
Yunnan.
In recent
years, bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics, leading to a
decline in the effectiveness of antibiotics in treating infectious
diseases. A mathematical model for multi-strain tuberculosis
transmission dynamics to assess the burden of drug-sensitive,
multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis is
formulated and analyzed. Each single strain submodel is shown to exhibit
backward bifurcation when the threshold parameter is less than unity.
Both analytical and numerical results show that resistance to drugs
increase with increase in drug use, that is, active tuberculosis
treatment results in a reduction of drug sensitive and increase in
multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Furthermore, use of second line drugs
results in a decrease of the multidrug-resistant and increase of
extensively drug resistant tuberculosis as most cases of multidrug
resistant tuberculosis occur as a result of inappropriate, misuse or
mismanaged treatment. Both the analytic results and numerical
simulations suggest that quarantine of extensively drug resistant TB
cases in addition to treatment of other forms of TB may be able to
reduce the spread of the epidemic in poor resource-settings.
Keywords: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis;
Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis; First line tuberculosis drugs;
Second line tuberculosis drugs
